tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-77198235135171755722024-03-07T22:58:32.970-08:00Old fashioned writing paperSwimmimg Topics Essay First Gradersylviawilliam10http://www.blogger.com/profile/04991790027491505679noreply@blogger.comBlogger30125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7719823513517175572.post-88749830273909543032020-08-24T08:55:00.001-07:002020-08-24T08:55:04.141-07:00Language Slang Free EssaysLanguage is one of those circles of human movement that are the first to carry response to social and different sorts of changes in human life and exercises. Language may even follow or go with these progressions as well as aim them. Each social or political change, insurgency, advancement, presentation of new words and terms is reflected in paper distributions. We will compose a custom exposition test on Language Slang or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now An incredible number of individuals, over 70%, read papers everyday[1 5]. Andto keep such an enormous number of individuals perusing, the paper must be anything but difficult to peruse and comprehend. Utilizing a sort of discourse that individuals se ordinary is a simple method to achieve that. Utilizing informal discourse ought to likewise be utilized relying upon the crowd that is perusing a paper article[1 1,125-126]. Everyday discourse ought to likewise be utilized if an article is composed for kids or adolescents. A young person would better identify with ââ¬Å"Hey, whatââ¬â¢s up? â⬠than ââ¬Å"Greetings. How are you this fine September evening? â⬠Because they can identify with it, they are bound to comprehend the content and continue perusing. Not just young people and youngsters utilize this kind of language. Numerous grown-ups still use words like ââ¬Å"radarâ⬠and ââ¬Å"e-mailâ⬠; both of them are formal English[1 5]. That is the reason the subject of this research paper is of an incredible significance. The significance of the research paper iscaused bypermanent improvement of language. While doing our exploration we will consider crafted by such researchers as Arnold I. V. , Galperin I. R. , Rayevska N. M, Kukharenko V. A. , Antrushyna H. B. furthermore, different researchers, who have just made an incredible commitment to examining informal jargon and paper style. The undertaking of this research paper is to introduce the utilization of conversational words in British and American papers. The point of the research paper is to examine the casual jargon in English papers. To accomplish the previously mentioned reason the accompanying goals are built up: to consider the hypothetical material which is identified with the subject of the research project; - to break down the papers of Great Britain and USA with the point of choosing extraordinary casual words; - to characterize the predominant piece of everyday jargon winning among the papers. The object of the research paper is lexical units speaking to casual English jargon. The subject of the research paper is the investigation of the eculiarities of everyday jargon of English papers. The material for the investigation is taken from various paper articles in the accompanying British and American papers: The Gurdian, The New York Times, The Daily mirror, The Sun. In this research project thefollowing techniques for look into have been utilized: - the strategy for investigation and amalgamation; - expressive strategy. The technique for examination is utilized to break an intricate subject into littler parts to increase a superior comprehension of it. The strategy for amalgamation is utilized to consolidate separate components of research so as to frame a cognizant entirety. Enlightening technique is utilized o present the image of a wonders under examination. The most effective method to refer to Language Slang, Essays sylviawilliam10http://www.blogger.com/profile/04991790027491505679noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7719823513517175572.post-56943927988306417882020-08-22T00:58:00.001-07:002020-08-22T00:58:26.801-07:00A Introduction to Sociology StatisticsAn Introduction to Sociology Statistics Sociological research can have three particular objectives: depiction, clarification, and expectation. The portrayal is constantly a significant piece of the exploration, however most sociologists endeavor to clarify and foresee what they watch. The three research strategies most ordinarily utilized by sociologists are observational procedures, reviews, and examinations. For each situation, estimation is included that yields a lot of numbers, which are the discoveries, or information, delivered by the exploration study. Sociologists and different researchers sum up information, discover connections between sets of information, and decide if trial controls have influenced some factor of intrigue. The word insights has two implications: The field that applies scientific strategies to the arranging, summing up, and deciphering of information. The real scientific procedures themselves. Information on measurements has numerous down to earth benefits. Indeed, even a simple information on measurements will improve you ready to assess factual cases made by columnists, climate forecasters, TV publicists, political applicants, government authorities, and different people who may utilize insights in the data or contentions they present. Portrayal of Data Information are frequently spoken to in recurrence conveyances, which show the recurrence of each score in a lot of scores. Sociologists additionally use charts to speak to information. These incorporate pie diagrams, recurrence histograms, and line charts. Line charts are significant in speaking to the consequences of examinations since they are utilized to delineate the connection among free and ward factors. Elucidating Statistics Elucidating insights sum up and arrange look into information. Proportions of focal inclination speak to the run of the mill score in a lot of scores. The mode is the most every now and again happening score, the middle is the center score, and the mean is the number-crunching normal of the arrangement of scores. Proportions of fluctuation speak to the level of scattering of scores. The range is the distinction between the most noteworthy and least scores. The change is the normal of the squared deviations from the mean of the arrangement of scores, and the standard deviation is the square foundation of the difference. Numerous sorts of estimations fall on an ordinary, or ringer formed, bend. A specific level of scores fall beneath each point on the abscissa of the ordinary bend. Percentiles distinguish the level of scores that fall beneath a specific score. Correlational Statistics Correlational insights survey the connection between at least two arrangements of scores. A connection might be certain or negative and fluctuate from 0.00 to give or take 1.00. The presence of a connection doesn't really imply that one of the corresponded factors causes changes in the other. Nor does the presence of a relationship block that chance. Relationships are regularly diagramed on disperse plots. Maybe the most well-known correlational method is Pearsons item second relationship. You square the Pearsons item second relationship to get the coefficient of assurance, which will show the measure of difference in one variable represented by another variable. Inferential Statistics Inferential insights grant social analysts to decide if their discoveries can be summed up from their examples to the populaces they speak to. Consider a basic examination where a trial bunch that is presented to a condition is contrasted and a benchmark group that isn't. For the contrast between the methods for the two gatherings to be measurably critical, the distinction must have a low likelihood (typically under 5 percent) of happening by ordinary irregular variety. Sources: McGraw Hill. (2001). Measurements Primer for Sociology. mhhe.com/socscience/human science/insights/stat_intro.htm sylviawilliam10http://www.blogger.com/profile/04991790027491505679noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7719823513517175572.post-35504184013365948632020-07-19T05:35:00.001-07:002020-07-19T05:35:02.828-07:00How to Impress Your ProfessorHow to Impress Your Professor How to Impress Your Professor HomeâºEducation PostsâºHow to Impress Your Professor Education PostsEssay writing assignments are among the most popular tasks that majority of professors give to their students. A well-structured writing is the key element that helps to produce a memorable essay. Many online resources help students to write and edit their papers, and you may follow this link qualitycustomessays.com to find out more about them.Let us find out how to write a perfect essay:Prior Research 50% of the time of devoted to essay assignment should be spent on reading. One should conduct a throughout research on the topic before starting writing. Make sure that you explore various kinds of sources including school library, web sites, newspapers and magazines. You have to become a real professional in the given topic in order to be able to analyze and think critically about the topic. Only essays that include critical viewpoints are worthy.Analyzing and brainstormingThis stage i ncludes less reading and more thinking. At first, your brain should âdigestâ all the information that you have found. Afterwards, you start thinking more subjectively and figure out what you think about the topic. Create several interesting ideas of yours or support already known opinions with your own arguments.Thesis and OutlineOnce you possess all the needed information, you can start building up the structure of your memorable essay. First, you need a good thesis statement. A thesis statement is the so-called âheartâ of the essay since it contains the main idea that should be clear. An outline, on the other hand, is the âskeletonâ of the essay that will help you to keep the structure of the paper and not to forget any single point. Just write it down on a separate piece of paper and follow all the points.Introduction, Body Paragraphs and ConclusionIntroduction (which contains thesis statement) is the most important part of your essay, merely because it determines rea derâs interest in your essay. A catchy introduction will make readers continue reading, while the dull and boring intro will push the audience away.Body should be divided into several paragraphs. Each paragraph includes one argument or idea. Make sure that you present your arguments and ideas in a coherent and logical way and do not overwhelm the reader with too much information in one paragraph.Conclusion determines the impression your audience gets from the essay, so it should be memorable as well. You can include some call to action or ask the reader what is his/her position regarding the discussed topic. sylviawilliam10http://www.blogger.com/profile/04991790027491505679noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7719823513517175572.post-25290471454426318672020-05-21T20:16:00.001-07:002020-05-21T20:16:03.379-07:00Approaches to Reading InstructionsApproaches to Reading Instructions Teaching children can be a challenging task for some educators. Many of them have raised this concern. Then again, there are some approaches that can be used in order to help educators when it comes to reading instructions. This study will present the characteristics of whole language, whole word, and phonics in relation to such instructions. According to the National Institute of Health (n.d.), there are multiple ways that educators can teach reading and thus, learners have various options to learn. One of the approaches is the whole language technique. This method teaches children to recognize different words as a whole piece of language (Maddox Feng, 2013). On the other hand, the phonics approach, otherwise known as synthetic phonics in the UK, is a technique teaches the learners to read throughthe blending of sounds in order to form a word. There are differences in a way how teachers teach their students based on the approach that is used. The whole language is more of familiarization of how the word is written, while the phonics is particular with how such words should be pronounced. Another difference is that the whole word or whole language approach uses the learnersââ¬â¢ visual skill, while the phonics approach uses the learnersââ¬â¢ ability to pronounce the lettersââ¬â¢ sounds based on their arrangement . Between these approaches, I can say that the phonics is the most effective because it does not only help the children identify the lettersââ¬â¢ arrangement in every word, but it also helps them pronounce the words correctly. In the long run, learners will be able to achieve the learning outcomes of whole word and whole language approaches and at the same time, they will be able improve their pronunciation accordingly. sylviawilliam10http://www.blogger.com/profile/04991790027491505679noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7719823513517175572.post-63789651526266601752020-05-06T23:46:00.001-07:002020-05-06T23:46:23.300-07:00Improving the Value Chain With Corporate Social... The realm of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is to increase business profitability and opportunities by making improvements in terms of operational effectiveness throughout the value chain (Rangan, Chase Karim, 2012). This increasingly popular CSR among corporate and academic leaders is synonymous to the ââ¬Å"shared valueâ⬠framework, whereby organizations seek to co-create economic and social value. According to Ridurnolu, Prhalad and Rangaswami (2009), corporations from the United States recognize the business value of revolutionizing new manufacturing and technology that cut operating costs while minimizing impacts on the environment. This CSR domain focuses on operational efficiency and also building revenue, with the initiative to be determined by the ability to improve the corporate bottom line while at the same time returning social value. To achieve that, the strategy is to reengineer a corporationââ¬â¢s entire value chain, which stems from natural resource e xtraction and sourcing to manufacturing, shipping and product delivering. An example would be Nikeââ¬â¢s establishment of their Code of Conduct which oversees its entire production supply chain. Nikeââ¬â¢s code consists of requirements that their employees be given basic rights such as fair compensations, safe and healthy work environment and ethical treatment in the workplace (Nike, Inc, 2010). According to Angeles (2014), the company also launched an environment management information system that reduces the negativeShow MoreRelatedUnilever s Strategy For Sustainable Growth912 Words à |à 4 Pagescontroversial issue. Unilever has been accused of profiting off of those less fortunate in an effort to improve the bottom line. Can Unileverââ¬â¢s approach to environmental improvements be seen as a strategic plan for increased sales, corporate social responsibility or both? Acceptable for a for-profit company to profit from proverty? This question can be changed into a powerful statement. Unilever doesnââ¬â¢t view its Sustainable Living Plan as profiting off of poverty, but rather to improve the qualityRead MorePersonal Motives For Corporate Social Responsibility933 Words à |à 4 Pagesfor Corporate Social Responsibility (Graafland, J. 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A business should know the importance of the value chain along with using CSR and not just look at profits. Custo mers like to do business with companies that are responsible inside and outside of an organization. When business fail with using CSR they will lose customers because customers like to do business with responsible businesses that show corporate social responsibility. Read MoreA Business s Only Responsibility1013 Words à |à 5 PagesA businessââ¬â¢s only responsibility is to produce profit. To what extent do you agree with this statement? Businesses should take social responsibility in addition to producing profits. Corporate social responsibility refers to a business practices that involves participating and make benefits to society. CSR is a way of companies benefiting themselves so; business should also take social responsibility instead of only taking profit. This is because taking on social responsibility benefits both theRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility at Carrefour1122 Words à |à 4 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility (CSR) at Carrefour Introduction: In an era of globalization, international trade deregulation and continual push-and-pull between industry and environment, it can be extremely difficult for a multinational corporation to maintain a competitive business model in balance with a meaningful sense of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). This is especially true for the largest retail companies in the world, which typically depend on the retention of extremely low sylviawilliam10http://www.blogger.com/profile/04991790027491505679noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7719823513517175572.post-63114786620763084892020-05-06T08:33:00.001-07:002020-05-06T08:33:09.144-07:00Why were Witches women Free Essays For over three centuries, early modern Europe was largely dominated by witchcraft persecutions, the scale of which such atrocities had never been witnessed before. These persecutions arose from various significant instabilities of the times. Tens of thousands of executions were carried out, especially within Central Europe and the vast majority of deaths were attributed to women. We will write a custom essay sample on Why were Witches women? or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is what was most remarkable about this period; the fact that so many women were recognised as practitioners of witchcraft. I shall be closely following the reasons for such large-scale prosecutions within the early modern period. In particular, I shall be looking at the different sub-categories concerning reasons for such a rise in the nature of witch prosecutions. These categories will be broken up as follows; the Churchââ¬â¢s view on maleficia, whom the witches were, the effect society had on the arrival of witchcraft, literatureââ¬â¢s perspective, natural thought and freethinking, and the confessions of witches. The Church was integral to the whole belief system within modern day Europe and was the main, driving component for social, economic and religious conformity. However, the Catholic Church as a unit had been threatened through ââ¬ËThe Reformationââ¬â¢ and theological perceptions and ideas were changing. Peopleââ¬â¢s interpretations and prior beliefs were now being challenged, criticised and there was now total religious uncertainty and unbalance within society. ââ¬ËThis consequently led to the powerful ââ¬ËCounter Reformationââ¬â¢ in which the Catholic Church began an attempt to not only counter the Protestant Reformation, but also to eliminate corruption, educate clergy and inspire faith in the common peopleââ¬â¢- (B. P. Levack, 1995). The combination of these two ecclesiastical revolutions induced the inevitable religious disorder, which in turn would spur the rise and development of more numerous and more extreme witch-hunts. In addition, these two reformed religions placed a renewed importance upon individual morals. ââ¬ËThis issued many with the desire to place the burden of sins upon someone else, and in effect to acquire a scapegoatââ¬â¢- (B. P. Levack, 1995). Throughout history, such scapegoats have generally been the rejects of society, the loners, the sick, and the poor. This age was no different and in their search for a victim, someone to hold responsible, they found the witches. This period of great religious, social and economic transformation combined with the prevalence of epidemics and natural disasters now had a target on whom to lay all the blame upon; a physical embodiment of the evil that had been endured. Furthermore, as well as Martin Luther and Jean Calvin highlighting and condoning the burning of witches as ââ¬Ëwhores of Satanââ¬â¢, the Church as a whole was responsible for accepting witchcraft as part of society, essentially forming the moral backing needed for such large-scale atrocities. So then, in 1485 the Catholic inquisition authorities published ââ¬ËMalleus Maleficarumââ¬â¢. This was essentially a book, confirming women as those responsible for witchcraft, as those capable of evil and temptation. ââ¬ËWomen are by nature instruments of Satanâ⬠¦ they are by nature carnal, a structural defect rooted in the original creationââ¬â¢ The bible also condemned witchcraft, or so people thought. Within Exodus 22:18 it orders, ââ¬Å"Thou shalt not suffer a witch to liveâ⬠. It is then this mixture of Church and theological backing that gave the people of Europe the authority to act upon the ââ¬Ëwitchesââ¬â¢ within society, and to destroy anyone suspected of witchcraft. ââ¬ËIt is interesting to note then that this period of witch-hunting was most intense within Germany, Switzerland, Poland, and Scotland, where the countries were religiously heterogeneousââ¬â¢- (G. Geis, 1997), comprising a mix of numerous Protestant and Catholic believers. Moreover, the witch-hunts themselves have long been seen as part of a ââ¬Ëwar against womenââ¬â¢, conducted overwhelmingly by men and particularly, by those in authority. Infact, Deborah Willis notes that ââ¬Å"more polemicalâ⬠feminist accounts ââ¬Å"are likely to portray the witch as a heroic protofeminist resisting patriarchal oppression and a wholly innocent victim of a male-authored reign of terror designed to keep women in their place. â⬠ââ¬â (D. Willis, 1995, in web page). Holistically speaking, the Churchââ¬â¢s contribution to witchcraft fears and prosecutions led to the general belief within society that demons actively interfered upon the Earth and that witches were hugely prevalent concerning the interactions with and/or the dealings with such forces upon the Earth. In general, there was a greatly intensified and invigorated belief in the supernatural. For those who did not believe in such ideas, it still remained a plausible and effective tool for shifting the blame onto the women within society. It is now important to fully recognise whom these witches were and to discern the types of women victimised for such ââ¬Ëcrimes against humanityââ¬â¢. In general, it was the women from the lower sections of society who were seen as those who had the opportunity to commit harmful acts. Those who were widows and so were therefore able to conceal things and to hide within the cloak of darkness; to practice their magic and to meet with their familiars and even with the Devil himself, were often susceptible to prosecutions. In addition, these women were seen as ââ¬Ëvessels of natureââ¬â¢ and much closer to the environment and conditions of nature than men, and so more able to dominate the elements. The number of unmarried women was also increasing and this was another cause for fear within society. These women were considered a burden on society. The other group vulnerable to witchcraft accusations were midwives. One of the ostensible practices of witches was the execution and cannibalism of infants, especially those who had not yet been baptised into the Christian faith. Therefore, it is of no surprise that this particular group was especially focused upon in terms of prosecutions. It was essentially a way for grieving families to be able to lay blame upon the midwife for the death of their child, particularly within times of increasing infant mortality and occasional infanticide. The general view however was that witches were often cited as those ââ¬Ëoutsiders of societyââ¬â¢, reliant upon community relief and benefits, draining the land of itââ¬â¢s wealth. Additionally, women were often cited with sorcery because of their traditional roles as cooks, nurses, midwives and keepers of the home. Witches were often associated as those who were in league with the Devil and as those who would meet at ââ¬ËSabbatsââ¬â¢ to create spells, curses, practice killings and take part in lewd sexual acts with one another and with Satan himself. Single women were particularly focused upon for prosecutions concerning sexual abominations, as they were seen as more easily seductable and by far more sexual by nature. Indeed, the fact that the Devil was depicted as being the very form of a man highly extenuated the belief that women did take part in such acts. Society also saw women as being weaker in every sense of the word. They did not have the political power or physical capabilities to defend themselves. Therefore, they were thought to use magic to defend themselves and additionally make pacts with the Devil to achieve various things against their enemies. However, ââ¬Ëthe great witch hunts of the medieval period were long depicted as a ââ¬Ëwar against womenââ¬â¢, conducted mainly by men, especially those in central authorityââ¬â¢ (Willis, Malevolent Nurture, p. 12). The reason for this was ostensibly that men wanted to keep women in their rightful place within society, largely pacified and subdued. This came with the great fear of feminist accounts, which started to take place within this period. The subject of women projected as witches was widely held in belief within local communities and often formed the deciding factor in disputes within local communities. So if a particular person has had a bad harvest, or their child has dies in the night, the climate of Early Modern Europe was conducive to such accusations and provided the ammunition with which to prosecute. The times of the period were one of extreme economic turbulence and poverty. Across Western Europe in particular, the gulf between the rich and poor was consistently growing and there was a general decline also in the living standards of much of Europe. These conditions may however have persuaded people to contemplate using magic to help themselves and to achieve monetary or land gains, but on the other hand, it also maintained that accusations would be at a new high. Below is a table showing the relevance of monetary/land/food disputes within local communities and the effect being a widow within society would have concerning such disputes and jealousies in Essex, 1564-89: Kinship Relationships Husband and Wife * 4 Unspecified Quarrels (2) Sexual Jealousy (1) Broken Marriage Contract (1) Stepfather and Stepchild 1 Over Inheritance Grandmother and Grandchild 1 Obligation to collect wood Total 6 Neighbourly Relationships * (Object of dispute) * Food/Drink * 12 Animals 4 Money * 8 Implements 4 Unspecified loans 3 Boundaries/Land * 4 Children 3 Total 48 The difference shown in number between kinship quarrels and disputes within the community is substantial. It demonstrates the heightened debates and tension with local communities and supports the view that widows were particularly attacked within these times as defenceless, unimportant people of the community. Another crucial part of women being persecuted as witches, developed through another mind controlling and prevalent technique within this time period. This was the use of literature, so covering everything from the bible and Church readings to pamphlets and novels written within the time. It is not surprising that the ââ¬ËMalleus maleficarumââ¬â¢ had such an influential effect upon the rise of women as victims of mass witch prosecutions. Shakespeare also wrote within this time period and included a wide range of texts, often shadowing events and topics within Europe at the time. One of the key texts he wrote was that of ââ¬ËMacbethââ¬â¢, where Macbeth and his wife gradually murder various people in line to the succession of Kingship for their own gratuitous ends. The central factor towards their warped ideals and evil dealings was that of the witches within the moors. These of course were depicted purely as women, with similar characteristics to those generally seen as witches within this same period. The very fact that Lady Macbeth had to effectively become a man and get rid of her female characteristics in order to succeed, parallels the social view of women within this time and further extenuates the likelihood of women as victims. Indeed, it is the prophecies of the witches that initiate the murder, corruption, greed and lies that manifest with Macbeth. The famous line of ââ¬Ëis that a dagger I see before meââ¬â¢ spoken by that of Macbeth represents the conjuring of illusionary magic, produced by the witches of the time. Furthermore, the witches and his wife are inextricably linked together, in that they both influence Macbeth, and so the social view of women being manipulative, a natural temptation (as referred to in the Malleus maleficarum), a necessary evil etc is evidently shown within the literature of the time. The Catholic Church concentrated specifically upon the natural sin and evil within the individual and as mentioned previously, people saw the ââ¬Ëwitchesââ¬â¢ as scapegoats, a group to blame for their sinful nature. The bible in particular was another greatly recognised and taught book within society and the very story of creation within Genesis demonstrates the sinful, easily tempted and generally weak nature of women. Also, within Revelation (the concluding chapter of the Bible), the sinful woman of ââ¬ËBabylonâ⬠¦ he Great Prostituteââ¬â¢, was also another indication of the weakness of women and showed this to be the case from the very beginning of creation to the very end. In general, the people of Europe saw the massacre of the ââ¬Ëwitchesââ¬â¢ as a religious war of enacting justice on those directly against the will of God. One notion spread throughout literature was that of witches contacting and serving Diana, the ââ¬ËGoddess of the Moonââ¬â¢. Women were hence seen as the most likely persons to communicate with ââ¬ËDianaââ¬â¢ as a league of women joined together. Some confessed to actually riding with Diana and taking part in various activities, however they were later recognised to be delusional. Overall, the introduction of the printing press and the generally increasing availability of literature to the masses, allowed for more rapid transfers of elite beliefs in witchcraft and especially women as active participants. The trials of women within this period serve to reinforce and validate the beliefs transmitted through popular literature. One of the most confusing and baffling aspects of the ââ¬Ëwomen as witchesââ¬â¢ theme is that many actually confessed to charges against them. This of course did not help the assumption that ââ¬Ëwomen were witchesââ¬â¢ and served to just heighten the prosecutions and fuel the killings. Many ââ¬Ëwitchesââ¬â¢ claimed that their experiences had been worthwhile and showed virtually no remorse whatsoever for their supposed actions. This was the case all over Europe and not just England, even though the killings were much more prevalent and torture much more extreme on the continent than in England. However, P. Levack described this fact as less surprising when various other considerations were taken into account. Such as the ââ¬Ëwomen often being brought up to believe that they were indeed instruments of Satan and that they were the only imperfection within Godââ¬â¢s creationââ¬â¢ (P. B. Levack, 1995). This however was simply societyââ¬â¢s effort to instil such beliefs so as to relieve the worry of female independence and to of course resume the scapegoat it had found within the period in question. It is particularly interesting to note that many women actually testified against others within the community. They made up 43 % of witnesses against other women. Briggsââ¬â¢ notices that ââ¬Ëwomen were active in building up reputations through gossip, deploying counter-magic and accusing suspectsââ¬â¢ (Briggs, 1995). Women were completely surrounded by each sector of society and it was virtually impossible for them to escape punishment of some sort if they had first been accused of witchcraft. Ecclesiastically, the whole Church acknowledged the position of women as witches within society; and this simply gave the general public the opportunity to lay the blame for all the famine, disease, deaths and religious intolerance within previous years. The elite simply kept maintaining this strongly held belief in witchcraft and furthermore sustained the prosecutions and provided the literature and ethics with which to support these beliefs. What is key to this topic is that most prosecution cases actually refer directly to traditionally female aspects, such as the home, the kitchen, and the nursery; and on ââ¬Ëculturally defined female tasks or occupations such as feeding (poisoning), child-rearing (infanticide), healing (harming), birth (death)ââ¬â¢ (Christina Hole, date unknown). Furthermore, women within society were very much pacified throughout this time and this meant that they were easy targets for attack. These poor victims of attack simply existed within a delicate age of uncertainty, confusion and anger. Society believed in the existence of witchcraft and in the exponents of maleficia, the women of the times. On a more local scale too, communities widely looked to the accusation of witchcraft as a means to a specific end, whether it concerned land disputes or money disputes etc. These were very testing times, times of extreme economic struggles and religious disputes. In conclusion, it is interesting to note that as standards of living vastly improved and religious irregularities disappeared, prosecutions decreased dramatically and people suddenly began to notice that most prosecutions were actually highly nonsensical and irrational. Society gradually came to accept that it had indeed made many mistakes. How to cite Why were Witches women?, Papers sylviawilliam10http://www.blogger.com/profile/04991790027491505679noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7719823513517175572.post-68189332641358423902020-04-26T06:00:00.001-07:002020-04-26T06:00:02.798-07:00Starving the HungaryThough most Americans are awar Essay Example For Students Starving the HungaryThough most Americans are awar Essay e of the Great Depression of 1929, which may well be the most serious problem facing our free enterprise economic system, few know of the many Americans who lost their homes, life savings and jobs. This paper briefly states the causes of the depression and summarizes the vast problems Americans faced during the eleven years of its span. This paper primarily focuses on what life was like for farmers during the time of the Depression, as portrayed in John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath, and tells what the government did to end the Depression. In the 1920s, after World War 1, danger signals were apparent that a great Depression was coming. A major cause of the Depression was that the pay of workers did not increase at all. Because of this, they couldnt afford manufactured goods. We will write a custom essay on Starving the HungaryThough most Americans are awar specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now While the factories were still manufacturing goods, Americans werent able to afford them and the factories made no money (Drewry and Oconnor 559). Another major cause related to farmers. Farmers werent doing to well because they were producing more crops and farm products than could be sold at high prices. Therefore, they made a very small profit. This insufficient profit wouldnt allow the farmers to purchase new machinery and because of this they couldnt produce goods quick enough (Drewry and Oconnor 559). A new plan was created called the installment plan. This plan was established because many Americans didnt have enough money to buy goods and services that were needed or wanted. The installment plan stated that people could buy products on credit and make monthly payments. The one major problem with this idea was that people soon found out that they couldnt afford to make the monthly payment(Drewry and Oconnor 559). In 1929 the stock market crashed. Many Americans purchased stocks because they were certain of the economy. People started selling their stocks at a fast pace; over sixteen million stocks were sold! Numerous stock prices dropped to fraction of their value. Banks lost money from the stock market and from Americans who couldnt pay back loans. Many factories lost money and went out of business because of this great tragedy (Drewry and Oconnor 352). By the 1930s, thirteen million workers lost their jobs which is 25 percent of all workers. The blacks and unskilled workers were always the first to be fired. Farmers had no money and werent capable of paying their mortgages. Americans traveled throughout the country looking for a place to work to support themselves and their family (Drewry and Oconnor 560-561). John Steinbeck, born in 1902, grew up during the Depression near the fertile Salinas Valley and wrote many books of fiction based on his background and experiences during that time and area of the country. One of his great works would be the Grapes of Wrath. In this book, Steinbeck describes the farmers plight during the Great Depression and drought. When the rains failed to come, the grass began to disappear. As the farmers watched their plants turn brown and the dirt slowly turn to dust they began to fear what was to come. In the water-cut gullies the earth dusted down in dry little streams. As the sharp su! n struck day after day, the leaves of the young corn became less stiff and erect. Then it was June and the sun shone more fiercely. The brown lines on the corn leaves widened and moved in on the central ribs. The weeds frayed and edged back toward their roots. The air was thin and the sky more pale; and every day the earth paled. (4). The farmers worst fears were realized when their corn and other crops began to die. The dust became so bad they had to cover their mouths with handkerchiefs so they could breath (5). .u5be42a177d0caa772f5ddd879d967a4f , .u5be42a177d0caa772f5ddd879d967a4f .postImageUrl , .u5be42a177d0caa772f5ddd879d967a4f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5be42a177d0caa772f5ddd879d967a4f , .u5be42a177d0caa772f5ddd879d967a4f:hover , .u5be42a177d0caa772f5ddd879d967a4f:visited , .u5be42a177d0caa772f5ddd879d967a4f:active { border:0!important; } .u5be42a177d0caa772f5ddd879d967a4f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5be42a177d0caa772f5ddd879d967a4f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5be42a177d0caa772f5ddd879d967a4f:active , .u5be42a177d0caa772f5ddd879d967a4f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5be42a177d0caa772f5ddd879d967a4f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5be42a177d0caa772f5ddd879d967a4f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5be42a177d0caa772f5ddd879d967a4f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5be42a177d0caa772f5ddd879d967a4f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5be42a177d0caa772f5ddd879d967a4f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5be42a177d0caa772f5ddd879d967a4f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5be42a177d0caa772f5ddd879d967a4f .u5be42a177d0caa772f5ddd879d967a4f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5be42a177d0caa772f5ddd879d967a4f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Eaters Of The Dead Essay When the drought hit the Great Plains and the soil turned to dust, many farmers moved to California because they could no longer farm their land(Drewry and Oconnor 561). The drought began to affect other parts of the country. In 1930, Missouris belt of fertile land dried up. Ponds, streams, and springs all dried up and the great Mississippi River water level sank lower than ever recorded. Small farmers every-where began to feel the drought. Their smal! l gardens were ruined and their corn crop was cut almost down to nothing. The hay and grass needed to feed their livestock was no longer available. They now faced a major problem -how to feed their livestock. The silos were rapidly emptying and the barns in many cases were empty. The farmers were terrified that the government feed loans wouldnt be available to keep the livestock from dying. In many cases, the Red Cross was making allowances for feed to keep alive livestock (Meltzer 121). The small farmers of fruit trees and vegetable plants depended on others who ran canneries to bottle and can their produce. The people they depended upon were the same people that hired scientists to experiment on the fruits and vegetables to come up with better tasting and yielding produce. Thus the small farmers were dependent on these same rich landowners for almost everything. They couldnt harvest their produce on their own so they sold it to the rich landowners and thus made very ! little money on their produce. The farmers found themselves in debt caused by the purchase of land, tools, animals and other items bought on credit. This credit was due to the bank and when the farmers found them- selves unable to repay the debts the bank took away everything they had their land, homes, animals and equipment. When the banks took over, they went in with tractors and destroyed everything on the farms which included their homes and barns. This is best portrayed in Steinbecks description of how the tractors destroyed everything in its way. The iron guard bit into the house corner, crumbled the wall, and wrenched the little house from its foundation, crushed like a bug (50). In the little houses the tenant people sifted their belongings and the belongings of their father and of their grandfathers (111). This describes how after many generations of farming on their land these people had to gather their property and memories and then try to sell whatever they could. The farmers were so desperate for money that they had to sell for literally pennies. Steinbeck describes the desperate conversation of a farmer to a persepective buyer Well, take it-all junk-and give me five dollars. Youre not buying only junk, youre buying junked lives (112). The desperation for work and money became so bad that they were willing to work for as little as was offered just so they could have some sort of job and make any amount of money. Soon it was a fight for life or death (Steinbeck). In a desperate search for a job farmers moved themselves and their families all over the country. As people wandered the country looking for work they were unable to live in one place. Large numbers of homeless people led to Hoovervilles. The farmers and their families had to build homes out of anything that they could acquire as Steinbeck describes The south wall was made of three sheets of rusy corrugated iron, the east a square of moldy carpet tacked between two board, the north wall a strip of roofing paper and a strip of tattered canvas, and the west wall six pieces of gunny sacking(310-311). The homes were usually near water source so they could have water to drink from, cook and wash their clothing (311). .u6f5197105868a1e12205843cac789c7e , .u6f5197105868a1e12205843cac789c7e .postImageUrl , .u6f5197105868a1e12205843cac789c7e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6f5197105868a1e12205843cac789c7e , .u6f5197105868a1e12205843cac789c7e:hover , .u6f5197105868a1e12205843cac789c7e:visited , .u6f5197105868a1e12205843cac789c7e:active { border:0!important; } .u6f5197105868a1e12205843cac789c7e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6f5197105868a1e12205843cac789c7e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6f5197105868a1e12205843cac789c7e:active , .u6f5197105868a1e12205843cac789c7e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6f5197105868a1e12205843cac789c7e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6f5197105868a1e12205843cac789c7e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6f5197105868a1e12205843cac789c7e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6f5197105868a1e12205843cac789c7e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6f5197105868a1e12205843cac789c7e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6f5197105868a1e12205843cac789c7e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6f5197105868a1e12205843cac789c7e .u6f5197105868a1e12205843cac789c7e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6f5197105868a1e12205843cac789c7e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Moral Implications of The Pardoners Tale an Essay To cut down the number of people seeking jobs or needing help, the government decided to try to come up with some sort of relief. Among other things, they limited immigration, returned hundreds of Mexicans living here,and sought other methods to help the farmers. Hoovers Federal Farm Board urged farmers to plant less so that prices would go up but there was no encouragement to do so. From 1920 to 1932 farm production did drop 6 percent but prices fell ten times as much-by 63 percent. Farmers watched prices hit new lows-15 cents for corn, 5 cents for cotton and wool, hogs and sugar 3 cents, and beef 2.5 cents(Meltzer 123). With farm prices so low, most farmers, living under the fear of their mortgages, knew that sooner or later they will lose everything. In 1932 the farmers declared a holiday on selling. They picketed roads asking people to join the. They gave away free milk to the poor and unemployed rather then let it spoil because they refused to sell it. A thirty-d! ay holiday on farm selling was begun August 8 and extended indefinitely(Meltzer 125). In December 1932, 250 farmers from twenty-six states gathered together for a Farmers National Relief Conference. They announced that they demand relief from creditors who threaten to sweep them from their homes and land(Meltzer 126). In May 1933, the Agricultural Ajustment Act was passed. The aim of this act was to raise the farm prices by growing less. The farmers were paid not to use all the land to plant crops. The money came from tax on millers, meat packers, and other food industries. In June of that same year the Farm Credit Act was passed. This act helped farmers get low interest loans. With this act, farmers wouldnt lose their farms to the banks that held the mortgages. The farmers who lost their farms already would also receive low interest loans(Drewry and Oconnor 569). The Great Depression was the end result of World War I. It affected the rich and poor alike, factory workers and farmers, bankers and stockbrokers. In short, it affected everyone; no one was left untouched. But of all the people hurt, farmers were the worst off. John Steinbeck chose to write about farmers hoping that Americans would recognize their plight and correct the situation. The Great Depression is known to be the worst economic disaster in U. S. history. For this reason, the Depression caused many people to change their ideas about the government and economy. Work Cited Drewry, Robert and A. J. OConnor. The Indigenous Role in Business Enterprise. New Guinea: New Guinea Reasearch Unit, 1970. Leonard, Stephen J. Trials and Triumphs: A Colorado Portrait of the Great Depression, With FSA Photographs. Colorado: University Pres of Colorado, 1993. Meltzer, Allen. The Economics of price and wage controls. New York: USA American Elsevier Pub. Co., 1976. Steinbeck, John. The Grapes of Wrath. New York: Penguin, 1986 sylviawilliam10http://www.blogger.com/profile/04991790027491505679noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7719823513517175572.post-1115378357274078532020-03-18T17:16:00.001-07:002020-03-18T17:16:02.750-07:00The Noun is Plea, the Verb is PleadThe Noun is Plea, the Verb is Plead The Noun is ââ¬Å"Plea,â⬠the Verb is ââ¬Å"Pleadâ⬠The Noun is ââ¬Å"Plea,â⬠the Verb is ââ¬Å"Pleadâ⬠By Maeve Maddox Some writers are using plead as a noun. Its a verb. One meaning of the verb plead as a legal term is To put forward any allegation or formal statement forming part of the proceedings in an action at law. In general use, the verb plead means to make an earnest appeal, entreaty, or supplication; to beg, implore. The noun plea has similar legal and general meanings: plea: 1. A suit or action at law; the presentation of an action in court. An urgent, emotional request, an entreaty; (also) an unarticulated appeal. Used as a verb in place of plead, plea can be regarded as a regionalism (Chiefly Eng. regional [north.], and Sc. Now also U.S.): If you plea guilty and then later in another hearing say th(at you didnt do it, can you be charged with perjury? example of U.S. usage in OED Using the verb form plead for the noun plea, however, is jarringly nonstandard: A Plead to Sinners title of a poem on a religious site A plead to ban homophobia headline on a college site A plead for help part of a blog title In each of these examples, the word wanted is plea. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Has vs. Had80 Idioms with the Word Time20 Classic Novels You Can Read in One Sitting sylviawilliam10http://www.blogger.com/profile/04991790027491505679noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7719823513517175572.post-1883165829648301352020-03-02T09:02:00.001-08:002020-03-02T09:02:03.313-08:00Beginners Guide to Using an IDE Versus a Text EditorBeginner's Guide to Using an IDE Versus a Text Editor The best tool for Java programmers as they begin writing their first programs is a debatable topic. Their goal has to be learning the basics of the Java language. Its also important that the programming should be fun. Fun for me is writing and running programs with the least amount of hassle. The question then becomes not so much how to learn Java as where. The programs have to be written somewhere and choosing between using a type of text editor or an integrated development environment can determine just how much fun programming can be. What Is a Text Editor? There isnt a way to spruce up what a text editor does. It creates and edits files that contain nothing more than plain text. Some wont even offer you a range of fonts or formatting options. Using a text editor is the most simplistic way to write Java programs. Once the Java code is written it can be compiled and run by using command-line tools in a terminal window. Example Text Editors: Notepad (Windows), TextEdit (Mac OS X), GEdit (Ubuntu) What Is a Programming Text Editor? There are text editors that are made specifically for writing programming languages. Were calling them programming text editors to highlight the difference, but they are generally known simply as text editors. They still only deal with plain text files but they also have some handy features for programmers: Syntax Highlighting: Colors are assigned to highlight different parts of a Java program. It makes code easier to read and debug. For example, you could set up syntax highlighting so that Java keywords are blue, comments are green, string literals are orange, and so on.Automatic Editing: Java programmers format their programs so that blocks of code are indented together. This indentation can be done automatically by the editor.Compilation and Execution Commands: To save the programmer having to switch from the text editor to a terminal window these editors have the ability to compile and execute Java programs. Therefore, debugging can be done all in one place. Example Programming Text Editors: TextPad (Windows), JEdit (Windows, Mac OS X, Ubuntu) What Is an IDE? IDE stands for Integrated Development Environment. They are powerful tools for programmers that offer all the features of a programming text editor and much more. The idea behind an IDE is to encompass everything a Java programmer could want to do in one application. Theoretically, it should allow them to develop Java programs faster. There are so many features an IDE can contain that the following list contains only a selected few. It should highlight how useful they can be to programmers: Automatic Code Completion: Whilst typing in Java code the IDE can help by showing a list of possible options. For example, when using a String object a programmer might want to use one of its methods. As they type, a list of methods they can choose from will appear in a popup menu.Access Databases: To help connect Java applications to databases IDEs can access different databases and query data contained within them.GUI Builder: Graphical user interfaces can be created by dragging and dropping Swing components onto a canvas. The IDE automatically writes the Java code that creates the GUI.Optimization: As Java applications become more complex, speed and efficiency become more important. Profilers built into the IDE can highlight areas where the Java code could be improved.Version Control: Previous versions of source code files can be kept. Its a useful feature because a working version of a Java class can be stored. If in the future it is modified, a new version can be created. If the modifications cause problems the file can be rolled back to the previous working version. Example IDEs: Eclipse (Windows, Mac OS X, Ubuntu), NetBeans (Windows, Mac OS X, Ubuntu) What Should Beginner Java Programmers Use? For a beginner to learn the Java language they dont need all the tools contained within an IDE. In fact, having to learn a complex piece of software can be as daunting as learning a new programming language. At the same time, its not much fun to continually switch between a text editor and a terminal window in order to compile and run Java programs. Our best advice tends to favor using NetBeans under the strict instructions that beginners ignore almost all of its functionality at the beginning. Focus purely on how to create a new project and how to run a Java program. The rest of the functionality will become clear when its needed. sylviawilliam10http://www.blogger.com/profile/04991790027491505679noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7719823513517175572.post-2647745608781998402020-02-15T00:29:00.001-08:002020-02-15T00:29:02.421-08:00School Counseling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsSchool Counseling - Essay Example Post the diagnosis, I started seeing my struggles in schools in an optimistic light which led me on a path towards self-exploration and self-acceptance instead of being critical and frustrated for being different. I agree with the implications mentioned by the writer in terms of frustration, depression and low self esteem. Overcoming these hurdles is not easy however the key lies in coming to an understanding about the unique way in which ones mind works. 3. I find commendable the way in which the ADHD is addressed not just from the studentââ¬â¢s perspective but also that of the teachers, making the approach suggested much more effective and practical. What I feel works best with this approach is the fact that instead of treating the child like something is wrong with him the studentââ¬â¢s hyper-ness is treated like it can be used to create a positive impact on his life when used appropriately. 4. The angle with which the topic is approached is highly plausible; that of addressing the severity and the lack of awareness of ADHD being a genuine flaw of the academic teaching staff ââ¬â teachers. Their inability to spot a child with ADHD and in some cases be indifferent even when they do seems to be an area of genuine concern. 5. I agree with the core essence of the topic which goes right into the root of the problem as far as emotional and behavioral disorders are concerned, looking at all the right places ââ¬â family, home life, history and background information. The common example of the girl who internalized her problems leading to cutting herself being one I can highly relate. 6. As much as I appreciate the approach suggested by the writer by taking in a holistic view of the individualââ¬â¢s problem to come up with a tailored treatment approach, focus and goals, what concerns me is the critical role time will play in the approach. Collaboration with the individualââ¬â¢s sylviawilliam10http://www.blogger.com/profile/04991790027491505679noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7719823513517175572.post-62909054057718198142020-02-02T02:35:00.001-08:002020-02-02T02:35:02.912-08:00The Ability to Enjoy What One Does Personal Statement - 2The Ability to Enjoy What One Does - Personal Statement Example The profession calls for individuals with the ability to nurture the growth and address the issues of people, their physical ailments, psychological issues, intellectual problems, and also the emotional and spiritual well being of the people. As a helping enthusiast and a lover of life, I realize that a number of people require support and assistance to help them be able to enjoy life and not abuse the greatest gift that God has given us. I believe that each one of us has the rights to be able to enjoy this gift and it is essential that we assist others who have issues and problems. One of the most essential groups of people who require help and assistance are the youth and children. My biggest strength is that I love working with people especially children and youth, who have their entire lives in front of them to live and cherish. I believe that we get to live just once hence we should use this to bring out the best in ourselves as well as others around us. Having been in the teaching profession for five full years, along with the experience of working with people with substance abuse traits, I have come across a number of students and individuals who have a very strong and bright life ahead but need the nurturing and assistance to be able to recognize and cherish it. I would love to have a career in the helping professions as I feel it is my responsibility to reach out to as many people and try and help them in any way possible to help them recover and regain out of the issues and troubles of life. This could mean not only psychological but also physical, intellectual, emotional and even spiritual. I believe that if in the current world, all of us turn only towards making money and being successful ourselves with no care and affection towards others in the world, the world will come to an end very soon.à sylviawilliam10http://www.blogger.com/profile/04991790027491505679noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7719823513517175572.post-87116645493711604012020-01-24T22:57:00.001-08:002020-01-24T22:57:02.535-08:00Jürgen Habermasââ¬â¢ The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere EssIn this essay I will discuss Jà ¼rgen Habermasââ¬â¢ ââ¬Å"The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: Inquiry into a category of bourgeois societyâ⬠(1962), and the ideas presented surrounding the public sphere. What I will investigate is whether or not the post-modern phenomenon of new media (e.g. the internet) could in fact present a new-wave of public sphere, or is just another platform for mass-media. I will also explore the public sphere model, and discuss its decline (due to either political or economic reasons). I will look in particular at the 21st Century, and the evidence of a possible public sphere in the modern day, as well as the factors which could have extinguished the public sphere in the early part of the 20th Century, not just looking to Habermasââ¬â¢ philosophy but also other social commentators like Noam Chomsky & Del Sola Poole. The ââ¬Å"Public Sphereâ⬠(Habermas 1962) is a term coined by German sociologist and philosopher Jà ¼rgen Habermas, as he believes, the public sphere social structure directly proceeded feudalism in European society. It comes from the two separate factors of the ââ¬Å"publicâ⬠( referring to public authority ââ¬â the state) and the ââ¬Å"privateâ⬠(referring to the idea of economy, society and the family) coming together for rational critical debate about the world around them. Habermas believes that this was initially started with the ââ¬Å"literary public sphereâ⬠which allowed people of all social standing to discuss art and literature, usually in public places like coffee houses and salons. From this branched the political public sphere, where private people (not working for the government, or influenced by it) came together to use reason critically and analysed (and often opposed) ideas present in government. W... ...tion.â⬠Outhwaite, W. ed (1996)â⬠The Habermas Readerâ⬠Cambridge UP Crossley, N. & Roberts, J.M (eds.) (2004) ââ¬Å"After Habermas: new perspectives on the public sphereâ⬠. Oxford University Press Curran, J (1978)â⬠The press as an agency of social control: an historical perspective.â⬠G, Curran, J. & Wingate P. (eds) Newspaper History: from the 17th Century to the present day. London: constable print Atton, C (2002) ââ¬Å"News cultures and new social movements: Radical journalism and the mainstream media, journalism studiesâ⬠Brendon, P. (1982) ââ¬Å" The Life and death of press baronsâ⬠. London: Secker & Warbug Koss S (1984) ââ¬Å" The Rise and Fall of Political Press in Britain: Vol 2- The Twentieth Centuryâ⬠Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, Herman S & Chomsky N (1988) ââ¬Å"Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Mediaâ⬠London: Vintage press sylviawilliam10http://www.blogger.com/profile/04991790027491505679noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7719823513517175572.post-81478349790934926592020-01-16T19:21:00.001-08:002020-01-16T19:21:07.282-08:00Gujarat Growth of AgricultureIs agriculture in Gujarat on a different growth trajectory? ââ¬Å"Agriculture is the locomotive of our economy and a prosperous rural economy based on agriculture will ultimately make the nation prosperousâ⬠Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Gujarat has consistently attracted a substantial slice of Indiaââ¬â¢s private investment, primarily in its industrial sector. This has resulted in the state accounting for about 16 percent of industrial production of India. Almost 50 percent of the countryââ¬â¢s refined petroleum products and 45 percent of the drugs and pharmaceuticals are also accounted by the state.The stateââ¬â¢s exports stood at 14 percent of Indiaââ¬â¢s total exports, exhibiting a strong global orientation of its products. Thus, the state is often pitched as the growth engine of the country. But, how has agriculture fared as a component of this great growth story? Well, till the recent past, it had not received the attention of researchers, policy makers and writers . However, in the recent past, a spate of articles on the subject area stating the buoyancy of the agriculture sector since the year 2000, has hustled away the attention to this less researched subject.These reports suggest that agriculture sector in the state has recorded towering growth rates, virtually unchallenged by the rest of the country. Between the period 2000-01 and 2007-08, agriculture grew by a phenomenal 9. 6% per year in Gujarat, despite predominantly being arid / semi-arid. The reasons for this phenomenal agriculture growth recorded by IFPRI & IWMI1 in its report are many viz; technology supported agriculture, state initiated water conservation measures, farm extension measures etc.There are many other arguments put forward by other writers and thinkers on the subject viz; Gujarat agriculture and its cropping is less traditional and more commercial in nature, and Gujarat farmers are more commercially vigilant and have a better appreciation of the options and the prosp ects in the longer term. Yet others observe that the growth in agriculture is powered by dairy sector and its cooperatives for which the state is very profoundly known.There are also views opined that the state was the first to amend the laws governing the marketing of agricultural produce and it also opened up contract farming, thus bringing into direct play the private buyers. There are many who suggest that the state has been fortunate and is supported by factors such as good monsoon for most of the decade, increasing minimum support prices from the Centre and the spread of Bt cotton, a lucrative cash crop. But some of these benefits listed were available to other parts of the country as well and no other state could record these rates of growth consistently2.A few critics also argue that the data sourced is not reliable and yet some experts have even questioned the approach to the analysis by IFPRI3. Gulati et al (2009): Agriculture performance in Gujarat since 2000- can it be a divadandi (lighthouse) for other statesan IFPRI, Washington & IWMI, Colombo, publication 2 Ref: http://www. moneycontrol. com/news/economy/how-did-gujarat-becomefarming-paradise_447382-2. html 3 As the reference points ie; start and end years of the analysis have been abnormally bad or very good respectively making the sample biased for a fair analysis. 1 Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn. com/abstract=2080876 Before getting into facts and figures, itââ¬â¢s important to appreciate the context of this setting; the stateââ¬â¢s agriculture is predominantly rainfed with a cropping intensity of 115 %. 60 % of its 226 development blocks are classified as droughtprone and 9 blocks are affected by desertification. Given these facts how has the state consistently clocked such massive growth rates? This paper attempts to decipher some of these issues. The paper is divided into two parts.The first part looks at the review of the agriculture sector, its sub-sectoral growth, looki ng at the facts and figures while the later part attempts to identify key factors for growth in agriculture sector, its key drivers and also the processes that enabled that growth if any. Some facts about Gujarat agriculture The state has a total geographical area of 198 lakh ha, of which 98 lakh ha is utilized for agricultural purposes. There has not been much changes in the land area under cultivation in the recent past, though some marginal changes have been seen in the gross cultivated area.About two third of the area of the state is under semi arid or arid region. This tract receives low and uneven rainfall and is also prone to climatic hazards. The TCA (Total cropped area) in the state in 2000-01 was 98 lakh ha and the latest available statistics suggest that the TCA is 103 lakh Ha showing a marginal increase in the cultivated area. The present irrigated area is about 38 %. The state has a unique mix of crops; food grains form a mere 30 percent of the cultivated area as agains t the 62 % at the national level.Oilseeds and cotton, two major crops occupy 26 % and 16 % of the TCA as of 2002-03. Pulses occupied about 10 % of the cropped area, while spices, fruits and vegetables accounted for 2 % of the cropped area of the state. The average operational holdings in Gujarat is about 2. 34 ha, which was higher than the national level averages. The number of operational holdings has actually increased from 35. 2 lakh (1990-91) to 41. 5 lakh holdings. The state also has certain unique advantages in agriculture, as there are 8 agro-climatic zones that provide suitable environment for growing a wide variety of crops.High value non-food grain crops, offering opportunities for value addition, dominate agriculture in Gujarat. Of the total workforce in the state agriculture labour constituted 69 % in 1981 ,which significantly came down to 52 %. State GSDP and agriculture The total GSDP for the state has been clocking sound growth rates, the secondary and tertiary sector , has recorded higher growth rates, when compared with agriculture. The performance of the agriculture is also higher when compared to other states but formed 14. 5 % of the total GSDP in 1999-00.However, there has been fluctuations in agriculture production over the years, the latest available figures for 2008-09 shows a decline in the agri share of 2 Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn. com/abstract=2080876 GSDP to 12. 5 % . The GSDP in quantum terms is presented in the following diagram: Contribution of Agri. to State GSDP (Rs. Lakh) 300000 250000 200000 150000 173654 100000 109861 140598 153079 189436 213092 228459 50000 25035 23222 28577 27815 32408 28506 15975 0 1999-2000 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09Agriculture (including AH) Total GSDP The relative growth rates for primary, secondary and tertiary sector for the last 10 years recorded in the state of Gujarat is presented in the Annexure1. The average annual growth rate of agri GSDP for the state and al l India is presented below in the following table. Agri Sector / year 1980-81- 1991-92 Rate of growth Average annual CV 1992-93ââ¬â 1999-00 Average annual CV 2000-01- 2006-07 Average annual CV Source: Gulati et al (2009) ibid Gujarat 6. 6 7. 4 6. 9 4. 3 9. 6 2. 2 All India 3. 8 1. 5 3. 8 1. 5 2. 7 2. 1The Co-efficient of variation (CV) recorded for agri GSDP growth rates in the state in the initial decades (1980-90) is rather high (pl see above Table), while it has shown a substantial fall in the 2000-01 to 2006-07 period. Thus, there is a clear indication of the volatility in agricultural production has been controlled significantly. In an independent study on Gujarat agriculture undertaken by IIM-A4 over a period of five decades has indicated that agriculture in Gujarat has been positive and consistent for the past two decades. However, a significant acceleration has been noticed during the last decade.The statistically analyzed study states that agriculture that turned around first (in 2001-02) and then rest of the economy thereafter (in 2002-03). Study also quotes that the terms of trade for 4 Dholakia, R & Datta, S (2010); High growth trajectory and structural changes in Gujarat agriculture, IIM publication 3 agriculture in relation to non-agriculture sector played a major role in incentivising growth in agriculture. Irrigation Gujarat is a water deficit state with 70 percent of its geographical area classified as semi-arid and arid land types.The ultimate irrigation potential of the State from Ground Water and surface water is assessed at 64. 88 lakhs ha, out of which the ultimate irrigation potential through surface water as per the latest estimate is assessed at 39. 40 lakh hectares, which includes 17. 92 lakh ha to be irrigated through Sardar Sarovar Project (SSP). Thus, of total gross irrigated area, about 17 percent is irrigated by canals and 82 percent by privately owned tube and other wells; thus agriculture ( irrigated) in Gujarat depends pre dominantly on ground water. Source of irrigation, 00â⬠² Ha -Gujarat (2004) 27,364(80. %) 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 Canals Wells / Tubewells Tanks Other sources 5,997(17. 7) 262 (0. 7%) 252 (0. 7%) At present Gujarat has about 17 major irrigation projects and 169 medium irrigation schemes across various talukas; plan outlay for 2008/09 for major and medium irrigation projects was Rs. 1146 crores. The largest of all these is the Sardar Sarovar Project (SSP). According to the corporation the main canal is about 458 km long up to the Gujarat-Rajasthan border and is almost complete with water running into Rajasthan. The designed discharge capacity is 40000 cusecs at the head reach.The total Command Area of the SSP is 18 lakh ha, covering around 3112 villages in Gujarat, of which only 3 lakh ha is said to be complete. Another issue, which has been unique to Gujarat, has been the issue of salinity ingress (1. 2 lakh ha) affecting the coastal districts and Kutch, due to seepage of seawater. There are a few initiatives taken with the funding support of NABARD to address the issue and stop further salinity ingress. Thus, the scarcity of water was so profound, which had triggered peopleââ¬â¢s movements for water conservation. There are documented evidences of such 4 eopleââ¬âled initiatives in the Saurashtra region. However, this was translated into a mass movement with the government announcing the Sardar Patel Participatory Water Conservation Project in 2000 for the construction of water harvesting and ground water recharge structures like check dams, boribunds, village and farm ponds (khet talavadis) under a 60:40 scheme in which government contributed 60% of the cost while the farming communities contributed 40%. However, the real push is said to have triggered after the drought of 2002, when this process gained momentum.It has been a roaring success and stories abound of conversion of barren lands into fertile farms, rising yields and fal ling costs of cultivation across the state. The tangible result of this initiative is visible from the condition of the ground water development blocks in the state. Irrigation blocks 2002 Irrigation Blocks 2007 Over Exploited 14% Over Exploit ed 1 2% Crit ical 2% Critical 6% Safe 43% Semi crit ical 1 2% Saline 6% Saf e 68% Semi critical 31% Saline 6% These developments have increased water supply for agriculture either directly by supplying water for irrigation or indirectly by recharging ground water levels.Before the start of this movement only about 43 percent of the blocks were considered as safe and 37 percent of the blocks were critical or semi-critical. However, after a span of 5 years, in 2007, the groundwater assessment indicated that percent share of safe blocks rose to 68 percent and critical and semi-critical blocks were a mere 18 percent. Itââ¬â¢s also informally understood that ground water level has increased by 3-5 meters in Saurashtra and Kutch regions5. Indepen dent assessments by other International agencies like IWMI6 have also shown very positive impact of this initiative.But apart from increasing water supply, there have been other efforts by the state government to regulate water use for agriculture and also conserve the harvested water and minimize wastage and thus increase efficiency. Two such initiatives of the state government were introduction of micro irrigation systems like drip irrigation and ensure adequate propaganda for the same through an exclusive government promoted company GGRC (Gujarat Green Revolution Company). The other initiative has been 5 6 Discussions with Director of Agriculture, GOG Shah, T et al (2008): Secret of Gujaratââ¬â¢s agrarian miracle after 2000.Economic and political weekly Vol: 44 Issue: 52 pp: 45-55 5 Joytigram project for provision of separate electricity feeder lines for agriculture purpose, thus regulating and monitoring its use. The government has also initiated about 1918 watershed-based pr ogrammes (since inception, covering schemes like DDP, DPAP and IWDP for drought proofing, environment protection and employment generation) covering about 19. 65 lakh ha; NABARD has also supported some of these endeavors. Thus, the watershed-based approaches cover about 20 % of the cultivated area of the state.More details of water conservation measures have been provided in the later part of this write up. Based on data released by Directorate of Economics and Statistics, gross irrigated area increased from around 37 (1999-00) to 44 lakh ha (2006-07) ââ¬â an increase of 16. 9 percent. Further, the total irrigated area under all crops has grown at 4. 4 percent per annum from 2000-01 to 2006-07, and at 6. 3 percent per annum from 2002-03 to 2006-07. Crop patterns Since, 1960-62 the area under food crops in Gujarat was only 47 percent of its GCA, which gradually came down to 38 percent in 2008.Though the net sown area has not shown much changes, but the availability of irrigation water did increase Rabi coverage in Saurashtra, kutch and north Gujarat. The reports suggest about 6-8 lakh ha of additional area being brought under Rabi in the recent past. This is also evident from increase in cropping intensity by about 4-5 percent in the last decade. Gujarat State : Gross Cropped & Gross Irrigated Area (ââ¬Ë000 Hect. ) 16000 14000 12000 10000 10995. 5 10634. 8 8000 10745. 9 10497 10791 10630. 7 11421 11256. 9 6000 4000 4111. 2 4279. 5 2000 2334. 4 2910. 5 3499. 4 3342. 1 3572. 8 3637 1980-81 1990-91 1995-96 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-2004 2004-2005 Gross Irrigated Area Gross Cropped Area A comparison of GCA to Gross Irrigated Area (GIA), indicates a shifting trend; in 1980-81 only 22 percent of the GCA was irrigated and it increased by 5 % to 27 percent in 1990-91, however, subsequently increased to 38 percent in 2004-05. The crop patterns indicate that cotton; oilseeds like groundnut, followed by cereals formed the major crops in the state. However, there has been clear 6 switch in the cropping patterns, while area under rice has remained stagnant, but the area under another cereal crop wheat increased from 3. 2 percent in 196061 to 9. 67 percent in 2007-08, partly because of the availability of water. Amongst cereals sharpest decline in area has been reported for jowar from 13. 17 percent in 1960-91 to 1. 22 percent in 2007-08. Shift from jowar/bajra to Wheat 000 Ha 1400 1200 1274 1154 1162 1158 1129 1161 1072 1016 946 926 922 1091 1000 800 859 734 755 703 600 518 400 442 358 304 479 200 241 222 212 166 161 2004-2005 129 2005-2006 147 2006-2007 174 128 2007-2008 2008-2009 0 1999-2000 2000-2001 2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004 Jowar Bajra WheatThe percentage area under oilseeds has slightly improved from 24 percent of GCA to 26. 17 percent in 2007-08. Groundnut which is considered as one of the most sensitive crops to moisture stress has shown a marginal decline from 22 percent of GCA to 17 percent . However, other oilseeds crops like castor , sesamum and rapeseed have made substantial gains during this period. Cotton, one of the predominant crops, which had 17. 56 percent coverage of the GCA in the state in 1960-61, further increased its coverage to 20. 54 percent of the GCA. Thus, there are clear trends in crop pattern changes in the state.Production and productivity of crops As indicated earlier, Gujarat agriculture is known for its volatile fluctuations in production and productivity. However, the Coefficient of variation has been drastically reduced in the recent years. The area, production and productivity (APY) of two categories of crops viz, food grains, oilseeds and cotton for the last 10 years are presented below in graphical format. The trends does indicate that : o Sharp decline in production and productivity in all crops during 2002-03 caused by the drought during the period. This is more profound in oilseeds and cotton. The decline was sharpest in case of oilseeds. Amongst the food grains, two princ ipal crops viz; wheat and rice exhibited sharp increase in productivity. Food grains have not exhibited any 7 increase in area, coverage; but production increases in wheat has been largely due to increased rabi coverage. Gujarat State : A P Y patterns for Food Grains 9000 8206 8000 7000 6737 6000 5254 5588 5000 4438 3718 3999 3000 3185 3861 3769 4395 6345 5882 6345 4000 4481 4209 3984 4188 3845 3983 2000 1601 1000 1361 1110 857 0 1999-2000 2000-2001 2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005 2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009 1166 1650 1403 1404 1831 1593 Area (ââ¬Ë000 Hec. )Production (ââ¬Ë000 tons) Productivity ( Kg/hec) Gujarat State : A P Y patterns for Oilseeds 7000 6000 5850 5000 4657 4699 4000 3932 3747 2930 3000 2864 2000 1826 2861 1738 2861 2900 1878 1905 1572 1000 638 0 1999-2000 2000-2001 2001-2002 2002-2003 Area (ââ¬Ë000 Hec. ) 2003-2004 2004-2005 2005-2006 Productivity ( Kg/hec) 607 1309 979 648 3071 2994 2962 3020 2856 2852 2874 1648 1368 1057 2006-2007 2007 -2008 2008-2009 Production (ââ¬Ë000 tons) Gujarat State : A P Y patterns of Cotton 9000 8276 8000 6872 7876 7014 7000 5903 6000 5000 4280 4000 3000 2146 2000 1611 1000 226 0 1999-2000 2000-2001 2001-2002 2002-2003 Area (ââ¬Ë000 Hec. 2003-2004 2004-2005 2005-2006 Productivity ( Kg/hec) 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009 130 165 191 1282. 6 1675 1684. 6 1737. 2 1883. 9 1673. 4 1695 429 1920 523 2011 581 564 581 507 2372 2422 2354 Production (ââ¬Ë000 bales) 8 ? ? However, the coverage of the low value kharif crops like bajra has seen a switchover to other higher value kharif crops viz; cotton/ hybrid maize. No significant changes in area has been noticed in respect of oilseeds, while its productivity has increased, mainly because of the crop changes / switches to high productivity crops like castor.Further the oilseeds production patterns have shown significantly wide fluctuations because of its sensitivity to water availability. o The most significant increase in the production pa tterns has been noticed in respect of cotton since the year 2002-03. The GOI had allowed production of genetically modified Bt cotton for three years from April 2002. The productivity of cotton per ha also increased from 191 kg / ha in 2002-03 to 581 kg/ha in 2007-08, mainly because of the introduction of Bt cotton. Gujarat is also said to have highest number of cotton growers (14 lakh ). In 2000-01 the state produced about 16. percent of Indiaââ¬â¢s total cotton production, by 2007-08 it is said to have increased to around 35. 5 per cent of the total cotton output. According to estimates, the area under Bt cotton in India is about 76 lakh ha , which is about 80 percent of the total area under cotton in the country. As of 2008, the area under Bt cotton is the highest in Maharastra followed by Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh. Gujarat however, has the advantage of having maximum no. of seed companies which also produce Bt, hybrid seeds locally. Other important crops & crop diversificati on Gujarat farmers are known for their preference for high value commercial crops.This is evident from the recent efforts at crop diversification. One of the key reasons for this crop change has been availability of water. Fruits, which formed around 1 lakh ha in 1991-92, almost tripled and formed about 3. 39 lakh ha in 2008-09. 160 150 140 144. 74 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 Area (lakh Ha), Production (Lakh Tonne) of Horticulture crops 138. 03 (includes Fruits, vegetables, spices, flowers) Area Production 121. 04 115. 46 93. 48 85. 44 67. 16 60. 98 50 40 30 20 10 0 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 6. 91 7. 4 9. 47 9. 69 11. 03 11. 24 12. 46 13. 12 9 The fruit production increased from 18 lakh mt to 60 lakh mt in the same period, the major crops mango, banana and sapota. Similarly vegetables, which formed about 98,000 ha in 1991-92 it, quadrupled to 3. 95 lakh ha in 2008-09. Similar trend has been noticed for spices also. Availability of water for irri gation, better extension services and incentivisation through effective subsidies have all played a clear role for fuelling growth and crop diversification like Bt Cotton initially, followed by horticulture crops.The State government has made it mandatory to use tissue cultured plantlets, drip irrigation with fertigation, and mulching as mandatory ingredients for availing subsidy under its state Horticulture Mission programmes. The focus of the horticulture expansion has been chiefly in the southern districts of the state, where many cooperatives in the region have tie up with producers for collection, marketing of the produce. Though one has seen the entry of corporates for procurement and contract farming etc, but such farming and retail marketing is yet to make a significant dent.The shift to Bt cotton is not limited to the Saurashtra region and is also visible in other parts of the state. However, the changes in oil seed crops from groundnut to other crops like castor is mainly noticed in northern Gujarat. Seeds Seed is the basic input in agriculture and has been critical in harnessing the full potential. Non-replacement of seeds due to non-availability or inaccessibility results in farmers sowing homegrown seeds. Thus it is important to achieve the threshold level of Seed Replacement Rate (SRR). Govt. f Gujarat has set a target SRR of 25%, 35% and 100% in respect of self-pollinated (except ground nut), cross-pollinated and hybrid crops respectively. This aspect has been eloquently covered during the Krishi Mahotsavs being organized by the state Government. Also minikits containing small quantities of seeds, free of cost, are being distributed as a part of National Food Security Mission (NFSM) during the Krishi mahotsavs. It may be added that the SRR reported in the state is much favorable than the national level figures.However, the seed requirements of the farmers are met out through both the Public sector (Gujarat State Seed Corporation- GSSCL) and the private sector seed companies. The GSSCL has steadily increased its coverage and enlisted the support of 8000 seed growers and seed production is undertaken in 14,500 ha of land. The seeds are marketed under the brand name ââ¬Å"Gurbaniâ⬠. The GSSCL is estimated to meet 35 percent of the seed requirement for wheat , paddy , groundnut and pulse. However, the Private seed companies have brought in new technology for several crops, ranging from bajra to castor, but above all in Bt cotton.More than 20 Bt cotton varieties are now produced by 30 odd seed companies. This is despite the fact that the first cotton hybrid in the world ââ¬â H4 was introduced in 1970 by the government Cotton Research Station situated at Surat. This hybrid cotton by virtue of its high yield potential and adaptability became popular among the farmers initially in Gujarat. There are large number of Hybrids in cotton and Bt Hybrids, which is being marketed by the seed companies in the state. 10 Fertilizer State government through the issue of Soil health cards in the Krishi Mahotsavs has addressed the daunting task of ensuring balanced use of fertilizers.The Government of Gujarat has issued more than 17 lakh cards in the last 4 years, and has been able to marginally address the issue of balanced use of fertilizers. The records suggest that the trend in fertilizer consumption (NPK ratio) which was 7. 84: 3. 08: 1. 00 has now marginally changed to 5. 87:2. 55:1. 00 in 2008-09. With the presence of number of fertilizer companies, the per ha consumption of fertilizers in the state has been consistently higher than the national average.Extension services The State Agricultural Department along with four Agricultural Universities (Banaskantha, Anand, Navsari and Dantewada) and Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) are actively involved in extension services which interalia includes organizing the unique krishi mahotsavs, which is described in the later part of this report. Credit Credit and its ti mely availability to the farming community is an essential ingredient for growth. Credit disbursements for agricultural purposes have shown sharp growth rates in tune with the policy prescriptions both at the national and the state level.The CAGR for agricultural credit for the national and state level figures have been very similar. The agriculture credit disbursed in Gujarat state formed about 5. 3 percent of the all India figures for the year 2000-01 and also in 2009-10; but in the interim the percent share marginally slipped to sub 5 percent; ranging between 4. 4 to 4. 8 percent during the 2005-2009 period. Agri Credit (Rs Cr) 400000 350000 300000 250000 200000 150000 125309 229400 180485 All India Gujarat 254658 301908 366,900 100000 50000 0 52827 2824 62045 3446 69560 3931 86891 4517 6091 7936 10027 12129 13567 19533 001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Thus, the relationship of agri credit on agri GDP growth in the instant case cannot be clearly established; as si milar credit expansion in other states have not translated to high GDP growth rates elsewhere. But, some of the recent 11 interventions of the GoI viz; revamping the cooperative credit institutions in the state, ADWDR-2008, interest subventions could have positively impacted off take of agri credit and facilitated cheaper sources funds for the agrarian community, especially for marginal groups like small / marginal farmers.But, conversely it provokes one to question whether credit-led solutions are needed for all agrarian issues, especially after the efforts in the past to double credit flow. There are also other moot points to consider especially when monocropped areas viz; is increased indebtedness a solution especially in a drought year, when water the key input for farming is rather scarce? Should not these issues be addressed first, rather than facilitating a credit guzzle, which are often said to palliative solutions!!Crop insurance Crop insurance services are offered to the f armers for better production of crops, introduction of modern technologies and above all to mitigate the likely risk that the farmers could face. The coverage of farmers under the crop insurance and area covered under insurance have both shown a partial decline over the years, while the sum assured have shown a variation with an upward trend in the last year. 120. 0 108. 4 100. 0 88. 4 80. 0 60. 0 40. 0 20. 0 0. 0 1 2 3 Farmers (lak) 4 5 Area(L Ha). 6 7 Premium cr 8 9 24. 8 12. 8 23. 2 12. 0 22. 2 10. 4 22. 2 10. 7 25. 5 8. 9 19. 0 8. 8 17. 7 8. 4 18. 5 8. 3 20. 9. 5 74. 2 99. 4 85. 3 82. 9 82. 1 84. 0 105. 8 Crop Insurance Coverage (2001-09) The decline in crop insurance coverage could be partially because of the farmerââ¬â¢s disinclination to cover cotton crop, carrying higher premiums or increased water availability, which could have dissuaded farmers from opting for risk mitigation tools. However, no specific conclusions can be drawn on the relationship of crop insurance cove rage and agri GDP growth rates in the state. 12 Livestock and dairy Milk is the largest product forming about 89 percent of the total value of livestock and total output of agriculture and allied activities.The dairy industry received a boost after the ââ¬Å"operation floodâ⬠programme launched by the NDDB few decades back. Milk production in the state grew at an annual compounded growth rate of over 5 percent compared to the national average of 3. 9 percent during the current decade. However, the share of livestock and animal husbandry in the agri GSDP of the state has been fluctuating between 22- 28 range in the last decade with a marginal dip in the last few years. In value terms it has increased from Rs 5725 cr ( 1999-00) to Rs 14733 crore in 2007-087.S ha r e o f a gr i a nd A H i n A gr i ââ¬Ë s c ont r i but i on t o GS D P 10 0 % 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 25% 10 % 0% 19 9 9 ââ¬â 2 0 0 0 2000- 2001 2 0 0 1- 2 0 0 2 2002- 2003 2003- 2004 2004- 2005 2005- 200 6 2006- 2007 2007- 2008 27% 27% 28% 22% 26% 22% 23% 23% %ge A H t o t ot a l GS D P %ge A gr i t o t ot a l GS D P There are a number of recent initiatives that have been taken by the government to give a boost to the sector, besides increasing the budgetary allocation for animal husbandry and dairy development from Rs 20. 5 crore in 2004-05 to 95. 6 crore in 2008-09 , (which is a 4. times jump in the allocation), there has been a focus in provision of extension services. Though extension services have normally not received much attention for the sector, the krishi Mahotsav of the state give due importance to this aspect during the one month mass contact programme. Kits and medicines are also distributed during these krishi mahotsavs. There are two other noticeable initiatives which the state government has recently taken viz; mobile veterinary vans; it has converted 120 of its 1250 veterinary hospitals to mobile vet vans, which visit villages during specialized time schedules.The v eterinary hospitals established in the outskirts of the city area many years back have become unsuitable and inconvenient for farmers to visit and hence the new initiative. The response from the farmers is understood to be very satisfying. 7 Government of Gujarat, Directorate of animal husbandry, 26 th survey report. 13 Secondly inorder to address the livestock farmers need of post monsoon seasons, when the disease incidence is high, the department has initiated the process of conducting health camps during the sept ââ¬â oct periods.About 3000 such health camps have been planned during the year. Some of the of the recent initiatives like cattle breeding have seen a spurt in Cross Bred cows and buffalo population in the state; these actions are expected to yield substantial gains in the ensuing years. Further, the diary cooperatives, which were active in the south, mid and northern Guajrat are now taking, shape in Saurashtra and Kutch regions. These initiatives are expected to su bstantially contribute to agri GDP growth in the state in future.Fisheries With a vast coastline spanning over 1,600 kms, fisheries forms an important sub component of the agriculture sector of the state. There are around 117 fish landing sites in the state and part of the production is also exported. The total production (marine fish), which was 5. 84 lakh tones, in 2004-05 has increased to 6. 83 lakh tones in 2008-09 ie; recording a 17 % growth rate in 4 years. Thus, the annual growth rates recorded are lower than the sector as a whole. Much of the existing potential in the state for marine and inland fisheries is yet to be tapped.Other support services which could have enabled agriculture growth Insufficient rainfall and vast regional variations in precipitation is almost a permanent feature of Gujarat, though a few exceptions have been noticed in recent past. This has often led to lack of quality drinking water in around 8,000 out of total 30,000 habitations; the issue is furthe r compounded by the concern due to fluoride, salinity, nitrates etc. This is particularly critical because of 75 percent of drinking water and other domestic need was earlier dependent on ground water.The recent state government initiative of implementing Sardar Sarovar Canal based drinking water supply project based on Narmada has served as a boon for the people of Gujarat . As per the latest available information 8215 villages and 135 towns of North Gujarat, Saurashtra and Kutch districts are being covered under the project. Under this project, water is being transported through bulk water transmission lines and distribution network to the doorsteps of villages and towns. Part of this drinking water supply project is being implemented through WASMO, which is being funded by NABARD under RIDF.The impact of the programme has been good and quality water availability has led to economic and social empowerment of marginalized people/ segment of society, especially women. Rural connecti vity is another critical area, which has also directly influenced steep growth rates in the agriculture. In Gujarat, the rural road connectivity is 14 stated to be very good with about 98. 5 percent of the 18,000 odd villages having good road connectivity. Gujarat has been one of the first states to amend its APMC Act and also articulate the contract farming guidelines.The amendment was expected to create conditions conducive for the spread of contract farming. The government also encouraged large corporates to establish retail chains and source their requirements directly from farmers, but there has been no deluge of any kind, the state government also announced to provide subsidy for setting up low cost green houses etc The farmers in the state have also effectively used some of the GoI schemes available, for building and strengthening the agri infrastructure in the state.One stand out example has been rural godowns. Since the inception of the scheme a few years back, about 5400 g odowns have been constructed in the state with a capacity of 16. 84 lakh tones. The scheme is administered through NABARD /NCDC and most of these structures are of smaller capacities and in rural hinterlands. Based on this analysis and assessment of facts and figures, four key drivers, which facilitated the massive push for agriculture growth in the state, have been shortlisted in the following pages.An attempt has also been made to catalog & assess the actions & processes that served the cause. These have been crystallized based on the documents available to the author (though not explicitly mentioned) and also based on the interfaces that the author had with the stakeholders of the programme in the state. 15 Key driver 1 Water availability Key driver 2 Power availability Key driver 3 Extension/ access to info Key driver 4 Crop diversification Driver 1 : Water harvesting followed by water conservation- starting where it needs to start !Water supply is the key to crop production and agriculture. The positive impact of irrigation on agricultural intensification and increased crop yield has been very well documented by various studies. Several irrigation impact related case studies in India have illustrated that irrigation management has a profound role to play in the poverty alleviation process as well8. The marginal returns of irrigation versus other factor inputs such as, farm technology and other rural infrastructure development are still a controversial issue in rural development literature.At first glance, the agricultural marvel in Gujarat seems to 960 804 have been supported by 647 factors such as good monsoon for most of the present decade, especially 2001- 2002- 2003- 2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008after the drought in 2001-02. 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 YEAR The drought situation in early part of the decade had ushered in community led initiatives to save water, especially in Kutch, Saurashtra and the northern Gujarat areas of the state.Although many focus on the Sardar Sarovar Project, its canal network etc as the key to domestic and irrigation success in the state , its is awfully incomplete, and currently irrigates only 3 lakh ha. With almost 81 percent of the irrigation source coming in from ground water sources, it became a critical area of management. However, with groundwater extraction more than the estimated recharge, it was evident with substantial lowering of water tables levels in Saurashtra, Kutch and Northern Gujarat areas.In the mid90s, large parts of Saurashtra used to get water through train tankers from waterabundant areas of central and south Gujarat. The coastal Saurashtra & kutch had also witnessed another issue with consequential effect of excessive ground water extraction, which had resulted in lateral; sub-surface intrusion of sea water which has affected coastal areas accounting to salinity. 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1288 1291 2008-09 960 RAINFALL IN MM 1034 1178 947 Thus, the scarcity of water was so p rofound and felt, that had triggered peopleââ¬â¢s movement for water conservation.One such was the check dam revolution in 1999 by Mansukh Suvagiya, a Rajkot-based social worker in Jhamka village of Junagadh where the villagers collected money and constructed 52 check dams in a span of two months on small rivulets in and around the village. Today, Jhamka is a symbol of water and agro self-sufficiency. In the same year, the Saurashtra 8 Chambers, Robert, 1998. Managing Canal Irrigation: Practical Analysis from South Asia. Oxford & IBH Publishing Company, New Delhi, India. 16 Jaldhara Trust, built 213 check dams on rivulets in and around Khopala near Bhavnagar to turn the village's fortune.Thus, the drought of 2001-02, served as a turning point for large scale Government participation in innovative management of its groundwater resources which was taken on a massive measure. The success of the earlier people & NGO led initiatives served as a testimony to such efforts. The state ado pted a combination of rainwater harvesting ââ¬â that traps water that would otherwise drain away followed by water conservation by use of micro irrigation ââ¬â that supplies each drop of water more efficiently and directly to the plant.Thus, the water harvesting campaign ââ¬Å"Jal Sanchay Abhiyanâ⬠was intended to inspire the farmers of the State to maximise agricultural production at minimum cost. The movement has been a roaring success and stories abound of conversion of barren lands into fertile farms, rising yields and falling costs of cultivation across the state. ââ¬Å"To get something from mother earth you have to give something back. If you don't, it will stop giving you. It can't be a one-way cycle,â⬠â⬠¦.. Chief Minster, Modi told the farmers.Though the state Land Development Corporation implements most of the soil and water conservation activities, in the instant case the work was also entrusted to rural development, agriculture and irrigation depar tments also. The main objective was to harvest rain water through soil and moisture conservation activities of cultivable as well as uncultivable land. The structures/ works include check dams, nala plugs, boribunds, loose boulder structure and gully control measures were made to enable in situ harvest of water.Thus, the programme was initiated as a people participative programme and was launched after detailed discussion with farmers / beneficiaries in the year 2000. Most of these blocks where the campaign got well entrenched were in Saurashtra and Kutch where the farmers and the government together have started a unique check dam revolution. State Government has launched another specialised (Sujalam Sufalam Yojana) in the ten worst affected districts of Gujarat to solve water problem caused due to excessive ground water extraction in the region. Most of the area of the 10 districts is now anked over exploited and included in the dark category. New tube wells are already banned in these areas since December 2003. (NABARD has also supported the scheme in the year 2004-05 which was effectively implemented in the allocated time period. ) The government had also made use of the imaging facilities to identify the areas where these water conservation devices were to be constructed. In the state as a whole, by December 2008, nearly 5,00,000 structures were created ââ¬â 1,13,738 check dams, 55,917 bori bandhs, 2,40,199 farm ponds, besides 62,532 large and small check dams constructedââ¬â all in a campaign mode.The changes are less evident in north Gujarat where the topography for building check dams is not conducive. The governmentââ¬â¢s next focus was on water conservation through micro-irrigation systems. In 2003, the Gujarat Government launched the Gujarat Green Revolution Company to propagate sprinkler and drip irrigation technology among farmers by giving them hefty incentives. First, it made the subsidy for micro irrigation available to all farmers, not just the poor ones. The initial investment to 17 install such micro irrigation was high and prohibitive and therefore poor farmers were hesitant to make that investment.But for the large farmers the subsidy made it a compelling proposition and they actively participated. This in fact is said to have triggered the poor farmers to join in. Another unique aspect is the transparent and clear norms articulated by GGRC for subsidy scheme. It not only ensured clear product standards for the companies selling micro-irrigation system but also ensured that the companies didnââ¬â¢t sell pipes and move on. There was a clear condition that the companies should also provide extension services to the farmers for minimum period of time.To ensure compliance, it introduced a series of norms ââ¬â like how many agronomists must be employed for a given expanse of land, how many field visits the experts must make and even the price at which the systems could be sold. Besides, this allowing all registered companies (with GGRC) to provide microirrigation system to farmers, it had also widened the choice for the farming community. What has been impact of these initiatives? It is stated that the availability of the water increased substantially in the water scare areas.The farmers it was understood could now ensure to life saving irrigation to failing crops. An independent assessment by (Shah, et al, 2009) is summarized below: 18 Analysis by the author, clearly explains the unprecedented dynamism shown by Saurastra and Kutch , and North Gujarat in agricultural performance. The availability of water has essentially triggered increased crop cultivation, visible by increased Gross Cropped Areas (GCA) in these areas. This has also resulted in switch to better crop choices in these areas primarily for Bt cotton (described in greater detail in other part of this report).Thus, a succession of good monsoons, investment in groundwater recharge and other support measures like ââ¬â improved quality of power, resulted a remarkable change in agricultural production in the previously water scarce areas. A similar observation has also been made by IIMA in its study. Thus, ââ¬Å"Gujarat has set the finest example of groundwater management through indigenous and modern methods and through people's participation,â⬠19 Key driver 1 Water availability Key driver 2 Power availability Key driver 3 Extension/ access to info Key driver 4 Crop diversificationDriver 2 : Rural electrification with an innovative approach (Joytigram Yojana) Power supply is often said to be a tinderbox issue; 100 % electrification does not translate to light in every house and if there is electrical connection in the house it does not translate into 24*7electricity9. Like elsewhere in India, unreliable farm power supply has been anathema for farmers and the rural society. In Gujarat, uncontrolled farm power subsidies led to unsustainable increase in groundwater withdrawals and left the Gu jarat Electricity Board (GEB) nearly bankrupt.Because farmers were getting subsidised power, they had little incentive to save on its use or keep pumps in good order to lower power consumption. As a result, much power was wasted. Also, power theft was widely prevalent. Further, farmers faced the problem of low-voltage power that helped nobody. In 2003, the Government of Gujarat introduced the Joytigram Yojana to improve rural power supply, through an innovative approach and thus streamlined the supply of electricity to water pumps.Traditionally the transmission system from power plant to ultimate users is through a single unit, however, under the new scheme the state government split the power supply chain viz; by constructing a new parallel transmission system, by which it could intelligently allocate power supply to farmers. Accordingly, for the first time farmers in Gujarat received 8 hours of electricity of guaranteed voltage and pre-fixed timings, whereas previously they receiv ed 13-14 hours of irregular and unreliable supply.This ensured that farmers could use the pumps only for a limited time and had to make the most of it. As irrigation in Gujarat state is largely by ground water sources, the earlier approach of erratic and intermittent power, warranted over use of pumpsets by farmers, resulting in lifting water much more than the crop requirements and consequent wastage of water. With more assured and regulated power supply, the farmers found they could not make unauthorized use of power; and initially disliked the effective rationing system.But on the flip side they enjoyed largely uninterrupted power supply at full voltage along a strictly adhered schedule10. Thus, the Joytigram Yojana, is said to have pioneered a real-time co-management of electricity and groundwater for agriculture. . Farmers were also happy that they were spared of the very high repair and maintenance cost that poor and erratic power supply imposed on them. Subsequently most farm ers welcomed Joytigram for limiting competitive pumping of water and addressing the common property externality inherent in groundwater irrigation2.Ground water and power rationing through the Joytigram scheme not only increased efficiency of water and power utilization for 9 Devika, D (2010), Government of Gujarat: Joytigram yojana Verma, S & Shah, T (2008), Co-management of electricity and ground water Economic and Political Weekly Vol: 43 Issue: 7 pp: 59-66 10 20 agriculture, but it also frees up these resources for the rural nonfarm economy to grow. However, the new parallel feeder lines all came at a cost of Rs 1290 crore, to the exchequer.However, its quick implementation in just 1000 days enabled installation of 56,307 kms of high tension wires and 18,724 transformers to each of the 18,000 villages in the state. Conventional Way Single feeder Joytigram Yojana Separate feeders Agriculture and Domestic Agriculture 3 Phase, 8 hours Domestic single phase 24 Hours Impact Majority power drawn for agriculture Crippling shortage in the domestic sector Quality of the power poor, cases of damages to farmers pump sets etc Impact Farmers get continuous and good quality power at pre-announced schedules Domestic gets 24 hours uninterrupted power supply ââ¬â Infact special feeders were also effectively crafted (Specially Designed Transformers) to supply power to farmers residing in scattered farm houses. The average expenditure per village is a mere Rs. 6. 72 Lacs. A study undertaken by IRMA indicates many 56,307 kms positive features and 22,146 kms impact of the scheme, 18,724 nos which interalia includes 17,00,000 1,888 increase in employment, Rs 1290 crore decrease in migration by Rs 1115 crore 33 %, reduction in school 1000 absenteeism and average duration of study by school students increasing by 80-90 %.The study also indicates the positive impact of power availability on rural industries, which has enabled 53 % of the families in rural areas to work during night times, increased momentum in industrial activities such as diamond polishing, agro processing etc. The project is also indicated to have decreased the time taken by women on household chores by 26 % and also enhanced their leisure, entertainment and education substantially.Work executed under the Yojana : (Source: GOG) New high tension lines New low tension lines New transformers Poles erected Joytigram feeders Project cost Govt grant No. of days Joytigram 21 Another derived benefit from this innovative approach has been the reduction in distribution losses by 3. 74% and T/C failure by 1. 17% during the year 2005-2006 compared to year 2004-0511. The Electricity Board has also benefited by increased revenues. Once considered as bankrupt, it has seen a quantum jump in revenues from Rs 850 crore in 2004-05 to Rs 1231 crore in 2007-08 to Rs 1437 crore in 2008-09.All this is said to be achieved without a single increase in electricity tariff for the past 7 years. Thus, Gujaratâ⬠â¢s agricultural boom is also driven by a much-improved rural power supply, which is mainly on account of the Jyotigram scheme. Besides making power available at stipulated times for the farming community, metering electricity use for irrigation purposes and charging farmers at near commercial rates based on power consumption is ultimately the ideal solution to these traditional vows.The link between electricityââ¬âgroundwater is well established, a good and assured power supply and pre-defined time periods for the agrarian communities in water scare areas is critical to ensure balanced and sustainable extraction of groundwater resources. However, doing this will remain a politically sensitive issue, until such beneficial public systems find a feasible way of meeting this challenge and even restoring the health of power companiesââ¬â¢ in these populous agrarian states. 11 http://guj-epd. gov. in/epd_jyotiyojna. htm 22 Key drivers 1 Water availabilityKey drivers 2 Power avail ability Key drivers 3 Extension/ access to info Key drivers 4 Crop diversification Driver 3: Provision of Extension services: taking lab to the land ââ¬â Krishi Mahotsav , an innovative agri-extension service Gujarat has stepped up its farm extension services significantly in the last few years, taking knowledge from research campuses and labs to the farms. The event facilitates seamless flow of knowledge to the agrarian communities in the rural hinterlands who normally have limited access to such information. Started in 2005 , the Krishi Mahotsavs have grown in scope.As many as 18,600 villages host the event starting on the Akshaya Tritiya day (an auspicious day in the Hindu calendar falling in May-June). So what is so unique about this Krishi Mahotsav of Gujarat? Krishi Mahotsav is an intensive convergence and mass contact programme which is launched off by the political leadership, led by local elected leaders and run by the state government functionaries. Itââ¬â¢s an all inclusive programme, with the CM taking the lead and all elected members also visiting their concerned constituencies during this period.The Krishi Mahotsav was initially dubbed by the critics as a publicity stunt and wastage of government money. But, it has proved to the contrary, with a multi-disciplinary team of about one lakh government employees of 18 state departments / universities and students join hands. All related departments from agriculture, horticulture, AH, health, revenue officials, forestry, education, rural development etc join hands in the mission to reach every village in the state. Thus, itââ¬â¢s not left to the exclusive domain of the agriculture department, though it co-ordinates the entire event.Itââ¬â¢s in fact a month-long knowledge sharing rendezvous with the farming community during the peak summer months ie; before the onset of monsoons / cropping seasons. Thus the timing of the programme is critical and the sends out a clear message of intent and concern. The sequence of events and the processes have been explained in the Annexure enclosed. As a part of the krishi Mahaotsav demonstrations of technology, tools are also equipments, undertaken at the village level. A Krishi Rath ââ¬â complete with audiovisual equipment, posters, models and accompanied by scientists and administrators ââ¬â visits every village of the state.Last year about 239 tractor-mounted Krishi raths traveled through the designated paths covering all the 226 Krishi rath in a village development blocks and 18,000 odd villages. The time, route and duration of each of these Raths are predetermined and informed to the villagers. A maximum of three villages are 23 covered in a day by the kirshi raths. The night halts are also effectively used to screen AV about various critical issues pertaining to agriculture. Thus, the Krishi Raths, which travels through thousands of villages, usher in a festive mood in the villages.The krishi rath has been a cost effec tive method of carrying a tractor mounted panel cum exhibition material ( worth Rs 50,000) on rented tractors. The entire hire charges costs the government about Rs 2. 5 lakh per krishi rath for the one month sojourn. Besides the Krishi raths, large exhibitions are organized in all the agricultural university campuses and district towns which are widely attended by thousands of farmers. The CM besides flagging off the programme at one of the agriUniversities also visits a few villages and closely monitors the programme.Itââ¬â¢s understood that some of the raths are fitted with Video Conferencing facilities, and there are often surprise interaction by the CM with the villagers and also the staff involved in the Mahaotsav in the village. A team of 5 members are normally selected to each village which could include University staff, government officers, who are expected to spend time with farmers, listening to their problems and developing solutions. Year Krishi Mahotsav ââ¬â 20 08 ââ¬âillustrative list of achievements, after year the Krishi reported by the State Government ââ¬â (Source: GOG)Mahotsav has been 1 Agriculture Kit Distribution 157926 considerably improving 2 Horticulture Kit Distribution 133299 through productivity knowledge sharing and 3 Animal Husbandry Kit Distribution 369796 orientation of farmers 4 Soil Health Card Distribution 84933 towards value added 5 New soil sample 248440 modern agriculture, 6 Kisan credit card 65839 marketing methods, organic farming and new 7 Animal Vaccination 5133141 technology. 8 9 Khet Talavadi Drip Irrigation 11245 26058 the Mahotsav During scientists besides giving 10 Tree Sapling 13148454 lectures about crop 11 Guidance by Agri.Scientist in Kisan 1396795 production practices, crop Shibir protection measures, also 12 Personal Guidance No. of Farmers 428937 undertake soil health tests 13 Guidance for marketing system by 158510 and give soil-health cards APMC to the farmers detailing the soil compositio n, and the best possible crops for the soil type. They also carry out vaccination of the cattle, distribute kits on agriculture, animal husbandry, and horticulture to 5- 10 poorest farmers in the village. Gujarat officials recount several effects of the reinvented extension model.For instance, they argue that in using chemical fertilisers, Gujarat farmers have moved wholesale from a 13:7. 5:1 nitrogen-phosphorous-potassium composition to a 5. 8:3:1, thereby reducing cost, optimising production and improving net income. 24 Thus, the Gujarat evolved annual month-long Krishi Mahotsav campaign is a unique extension model that brings agricultural scientists, extension staff, agroindustries, input suppliers, cooperatives, banks, local and state-level political leaders together on a platform to exchange knowledge and information on the latest technologies and market opportunities12.The normal disconnect which exists between many of the stakeholders seem to reduce substantially with this un ique effort at convergence. This also sends out a serious message about the purpose and intent to help and find solutions. Another key aspect has been the meticulous planning for the event and the clear role and responsibility assigned to each of the government staff concerned during the Krishi Mahotsav (details of the villages assigned, including the mobile numbers of the staff is uploaded on the website).The entire operations and activities of the krihi mahotsav is closely monitored by the senior officials and also the political leadership of the state. While farmers suggest that the quality of work in these fairs leaves room for improvement, they agree that the researchers need to gain more practical experience, however, there is no denying the fact that the programme has enabled in spreading awareness about things such as soil quality, fertilizer use etc.The field interactions also suggest that the staff of the department and university have also greatly benefited from the entir e event with greater field orientation in the work they do. Thus, it has been a two way learning process. 12 Shah, T et al (2009), the Secret of Gujaratââ¬â¢s agrarian miracle after 2000; Economic & Political Weekly ,26 December, vol xliv no 52, page 45-52 25 Key driver 1 Water availability Key driver 2 Power availability Key driver 3 Extension/ access to info Key driver 4 Crop diversificationDriver 4 : Crop diversification : Switching crops for better incomes Though, studies suggest that number of factors govern the nature and speed of crop diversification by farmers, but availability of resource endowments like water and irrigation facility and technological support could serve as key determinants for the change. From a farmerââ¬â¢s perspective greater margins and income serve as compelling reasons for the crop switch. However, availability of incentives like subsidies does give a fillip to the crop diversification process.The Gujarat story is profoundly familiar to the abov e observations; as the concerted efforts to recharge water table and its increased availability coupled with regulated electricity for agricultural use triggered two clear movements viz; increased production of crops with greater stability in production patterns and as also crop switch by farmers. Even before this, the striking feature of the Gujaratââ¬â¢s agriculture has been its pronounced slant towards cash crops which formed more than 50 % of the GCA, whereas the normal crop coverage has a predominance of food grains.However, availability of irrigation water did give an impetus to crop diversification as also increased Rabi coverage in Saurashtra, kutch and north Gujarat. The reports suggest about 6-8 lakh ha of additional area being brought under Rabi in the recent past. One of the clear winners in the crop switch story has been Bt cotton. The expansion in Bt cotton is matched by expansion in irrigated cotton; this suggests that Bt cotton benefits hugely from four to five su pplemental irrigations provided at critical points of crop growth.Gujarat increased its cotton yield over six fold from 175 kg per hectare in 2001-02 to 798 kg per hectare in 2008-09, higher that the world average yield of 787 kg per hectare in 2007-08 (Damor 2008)13 because of the combined effect of Bt cotton and irrigation in Saurashtra, Kutch and North Gujarat. The rise of Bt cotton supported by a high MSP for cotton offered a big opportunity for farmers. The farmers in these regions exploited this opportunity brilliantly.While the public sector generally plays a role in production and distribution of high yielding variety (HYV) seeds like wheat, the private seed sector took a lead role in developing and promoting the use of Bt Cotton seeds. Gujarat alone, has more than 30 odd private seed companies which have registered over 120 varieties of Bt Cotton. The state already has a history of having developed the first cotton hybrid of the country (H4). Thus, the cotton growth story c ould be partly due to the numerous hybrids being developed by local farmers and the seed production of Bt cotton seeds in farmerââ¬â¢s fields in Gujarat.The state agriculture university reports that the state has over 200 varieties of Cotton, which could be Bt, hybrid, or other common desi varieties. Not only has the yield more than doubled in just five to six years, at present more than 50% of the total cotton area in Gujarat has come under Bt cotton. Another positive aspect for the cotton growers has been its comfortable forward linkages and vertical integration with the cotton related industries. The Industry is also said to be witnessing a resurgence of interest among textile players because 13Damor, Kalpesh (2008): ââ¬Å"Gujarat Cotton Yield May Cross World Averageâ⬠, Business Standard, 8 October 26 of easy access to raw material at reduced freight. Two more major textile projects envisaging an investment of more than Rs. 10. 5 billion are slotted to come up at Jhagadi a in central Gujarat. According to Cotton Advisory Board (CAB) estimates, India`s cotton production in 2007-08 has jumped by 12. 5 % at 31. 5 million bales (1 bale = 170 kg) as compared to 28 million bales in previous year. Gujarat state has contributed 35% of this production. This proves very high productivity of cotton in Gujarat.The State Governmentââ¬â¢s Agro-vision 2010 (a model blue print for all round development of agriculture) lays emphasis on cultivation of high value, low volume crops. Thus, besides, cotton a few other crops like wheat, castor and horticulture are also a part of the diversification story, which again is triggered by availability of suitable resource endowments for farmers. Accordingly the area under some of the low value crops like bajra and jowar has sharply declined over the years. The high growth had also come from fruits and vegetables (dominated by banana, mango, potato and onions) that has grown at almost 12. % during 2000/01 to 2007/08. Area und er horticulture is constantly increasing in the state, roughly by 30,000 ha/year partly driven by the NHM initiatives. The area & production of horticulture crop was 5. 98 lakh Ha (5 % of total cropped area) & 59. 03 lakh tons in 1998-1999 which increases up to 9. 65 lakh ha. (9. 65 % of total cropped area) & 90. 95 lakh ton respectively in 2004-05. It is targeted to cover 19. 00 lakh ha. of land under horticulture by year 2010 in the state. Another important crop has been wheat sylviawilliam10http://www.blogger.com/profile/04991790027491505679noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7719823513517175572.post-80843464361496713132020-01-08T15:44:00.001-08:002020-01-08T15:44:03.092-08:00William Faulkners Use of Shakespeare Essay - 5388 Words William Faulkners Use of Shakespeare Throughout his career William Faulkner acknowledged the influence of many writers upon his work--Twain, Dreiser, Anderson, Keats, Dickens, Conrad, Balzac, Bergson, and Cervantes, to name only a few--but the one writer that he consistently mentioned as a constant and continuing influence was William Shakespeare. Though Faulknerââ¬â¢s claim as a fledgling writer in 1921 that ââ¬Å"[he] could write a play like Hamlet if [he] wanted toâ⬠(FAB 330) may be dismissed as an act of youthful posturing, the statement serves to indicate that from the beginning Shakespeare was the standard by which Faulkner would judge his own creativity. In later years Faulkner frequently acknowledged Shakespeare as a majorâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Both started out as poets but shortly turned to other narrative forms, Faulkner to fiction and Shakespeare to drama. Both had extramarital affairs that were reflected in some of their writings. Each wrote both tragedies and comedies, and in each case their final work was a comedy, Shakespeareââ¬â¢s The Tempest and Faulknerââ¬â¢s The Reivers. A number of dominant themes and emphases are common to both writers, including the imaginative use of historical materials, the incorporation of both tragic and comic views of life, and the paradoxical tension between fate (in Faulknerââ¬â¢s case, determinism) and free will. Moreover, both writers exhibit a fascination for experimental form and language, flouting conventional rules to create new narrative structures and delighting in neologisms, puns, and other forms of word play. 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With new deadly weapons, like poison gas, high death tolls, and the first occurrenceRead MoreEssay on The Iniquities of the Father5733 Words à |à 23 PagesMississippi. In the Sound and the Fury and As I Lay Dying, he focuses on two very different families in this county, and explores how the ââ¬Å"iniquity of the fathersâ⬠is revisited ââ¬Å"upon the childrenâ⬠(Holy Bible: KJV Deut. 5.9). In both novels, through the use of stream of consciousness and various other modernist writing techniques, Faulkner looks at two deeply troubled families with weak parents and confused children and explores how these children cope--or fail to cope--with loss. In The Sound and TheRead MoreTheatre and Its Double2592 Words à |à 11 Pagesthat the painting is more visually powerful than theatre because of the use and juxtaposition of the images ââ¬â and the lack of a social message. ââ¬Å"I say in any case that this painting is what the theatre should be, if it knew how to speak the language that belongs to itâ⬠(37). The Alchemical Theatre Alchemy was the idea that various natural materials could be combined and heated until they reduced into pure gold. Artaud uses it to say that theatre should be reduced down into its most primitiveRead Moreshakespeare influences16068 Words à |à 65 Pagesï » ¿ RESEARCH TOPIC An Analytic Review Of Shakespearean Influence On Faulkner s Tragedy RESEARCH QUESTION How Shakespeare tragic patterns influenced on William Faulkner s writings? NAME: SYEDA AMBREEN FATIMA FATHERââ¬â¢S NAME: SYED HASAN AKHTER SEAT NO: 1315793 ENROLMENT NO: 2013/ENG/M.A(LIT)/15681 DATE OF SUBMISSION: 28TH NOV 2013 SUBMITTED TO: MISS SAMREENRead Moreevery day use3221 Words à |à 13 Pages(for example, Paper #1 Draft A or In-class Essay #2) On subsequent pages, in the upper right corner write: The paper s title Your name Page number Character analysis of the story ââ¬Å"Everyday Useâ⬠by Alice Walker 1) Pay attention to the characterââ¬â¢s ethics. Does the character make just or unjust choices? Consider Atticus Finch in Harper Leeââ¬â¢s To Kill a Mockingbird. Atticus does not make morally correct choices only when it is convenientRead More The Sound and the Fury Essay2568 Words à |à 11 Pagesis derived from one of Shakespeareââ¬â¢s most intriguing plays, Macbeth. Within Macbeth, Shakespeare describes life as ââ¬Å"a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury.â⬠And if life is ââ¬Å"a tale told by an idiot,â⬠there is justification as to of why Faulkner begins the book through the eyes of Benjy, a thirty-three year old retard. Author: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The author of The Sound and the Fury is William Faulkner. He grew up in Oxford, Mississippi. After dropping out of high school, FaulknerRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words à |à 760 Pagesattribute the work in the manner specified by the author, namely by citing his name, the book title, and the relevant page numbers (but not in any way that suggests that the book Logical Reasoning or its author endorse you or your use of the work). (2) Noncommercial You may not use this work for commercial purposes (for example, by inserting passages into a book that is sold to students). (3) No Derivative Works You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. An earlier version of the book was sylviawilliam10http://www.blogger.com/profile/04991790027491505679noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7719823513517175572.post-56539214418707218632019-12-31T12:10:00.001-08:002019-12-31T12:10:03.903-08:00The Basics of Using Carbon Fiber Laminates If using carbon-fiber composites was easy, they would be everywhere. Using carbon fiber takes as much science and mechanical skill as it does art and finesse. The Basics Whether you are working on a hobby projectà or trying to trick out your car, first think carefully about why you want to use carbon fiber. Although the composite is versatile, it can be expensive to work with and may not be the right material for the job. Carbon fiber has a lot of benefits. This material is extremely lightweight, incredibly strong, and it has excellent mechanical properties. However, carbon fiber is also trendy, which means people mayà use it for the sake of using it. For example, if all you really want is the surface finish of a carbon-fiber weave, then save yourself the trouble and simply apply a carbon-fiber vinyl adhesive film. Carbon fiber is quite expensive compared to similar composites. Carbon Fiber Vinyl Film Carbon fiber vinyl film is available in rolls or sheets. It has the look and texture of actual carbon fiber. However, this adhesive-backed film is as easy to apply as a sticker. Simply cut it to size, peel, and stick. Manyà distributorsà sell this film, which is dramatically inexpensive compared to actual carbon fiber. The carbon fiber film has great UV resistance and does provide some impact-resistance. Its used in everything from cell phones to sports cars. How to Use Carbon Fiber Its not difficult to learn how to laminate carbon fiber. First, again ask yourself what the purpose the carbon fiber is going to serve. If it is purely for aesthetics, then a single layer of inexpensive carbon fiber will probably do the trick. This layer can cover a thicker laminate of fiberglass. However, if youre planning a structural component or something else that needs to be strong, more robust use of carbon fiber may be warranted. If you are building a snowboard in your garageà or designing an aircraft part using carbon fiber, do some planning before you begin. This can help you avoid manufacturing a part that will fail, and also prevent you from wasting expensive material. Use a composite material software program, many of which are free, to design the specific carbon fiber item you need. The program knows the properties of the carbon fiber and applies this data to the laminate being designed. Consult with a professional engineer when youre designing a critical part or piece, the failure of which could cause harm to yourself or others. Laminating carbon fiber is no different than fiberglass or other reinforcements. Practice learning how to laminate carbon fiber with fiberglass, which is a fraction of the cost. Pick your resin carefully. If it is a part intended for its appearance and free of gel coat, use a high-quality polyester or epoxy resin. Most epoxies and polyester resins will have a yellowish or brownish tint. A clear resin will be your best choice. Any resin used in surfboard manufacturing is usually as clear as water. Youre now prepared to laminate your carbon fiber composite. sylviawilliam10http://www.blogger.com/profile/04991790027491505679noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7719823513517175572.post-14530251386728867882019-12-23T07:57:00.001-08:002019-12-23T07:57:02.823-08:00Building the Boeing 787 - 1334 Words Building the Boeing 787 Boeing Corporate Profile Boeing (NYSE: BA) is a global leader in the research and development of aerospace and defense systems, subassemblies, military, commercial and aerospace vehicles and systems. The company today operates from its headquarters in Chicago, Illinois, having relocated there from Seattle, Washington earlier in the decade. As of October, 2012 the company has 171,000 employees and operates in 70 nations globally. As of the close of its latest fiscal year (FY2011) the company had attained a 6.9% in revenue, reaching $68.7B in revenues. The company also earned an operating profit of $5.6B, up an impressive 16.7% from their previous fiscal year. Boeing also goes through periodic reorganizations over time to better align their business to the markets they serve. As of October, 2012 the company is operating six segments including commercial airplanes, military aircraft, network and space systems, global services and support, Boeing Capital Corporation, and ancillary revenue. The company continues to invest heavily in Research Development (RD), far above the industry standard of 7% (Rosenfeld, 2012). Boeing also is one of the most innovative marketers of its systems and technologies, concentrating its efforts on creating websites that are highly informational in nature. The goal of the majority fo Boeing advertising spending is institutional advertising, followed by specific program marketing and promotional costs. Boeing is alsoShow MoreRelatedBoeing 7871638 Words à |à 7 PagesEngineering Individual Homework #1 ââ¬â Boeing 787: The Dreamliner Boeing 787: The Dreamliner Case Study (download from Angel) During the past decade, Boeing watched as their competitor, Airbus, launched several new and very successful aircraft. In 2004, Airbus surpassed Boeing in commercial airplanes delivered and future orders placed. This is the first time that Boeing has ever lost its leading market share. The 787 is the first new airplane that Boeing has introduced to the market in a decadeRead MoreHow Boeing Changed the World1366 Words à |à 6 Pagesbe shining on The Boeing Co. July 8 (07-08-07) as it unveils its newest passenger jet in 13 years: the 787 Dreamliner. It hasnââ¬â¢t even flown yet and already the 787 is making aviation history as the worldââ¬â¢s hottest-selling and most technically advanced new commercial jet ever. Not since Boeing ushered in the jet age with its 707 in 1954 has there been such hoopla over a new passenger airplane. For the 787 ââ¬â the companyââ¬â¢s first all-new jet since the 777 was unveiled in 1994 ââ¬â Boeing has rented an entireRead MoreBusiness Strategy of Boeing Essay1130 Words à |à 5 PagesWith a goal to restore its leadership role in the airline industry, Boeing launched the all-new 787 aircraft project. However, the likelihood of Boeingââ¬â¢s success is uncertain due to numerous threats from the market. Boeing faces threats from risks of entry by potential competitors, fierce rivalry between the incumbent firms, and other macroenvironment factors. The company tries to use strategies such as brand loyalty, barrier to entry and customer switching cost to combat these market threatsRead MoreBoeing Internal Analysis1371 Words à |à 6 PagesBoeing Internal Analysis Purpose This report discussed the components of internal analysis, competitive advantage, and strategic competitiveness of Boeing Company. This is done by analyzing the tangible amp; intangible resources, capabilities, and core competencies in order to clarify Boeingââ¬â¢s strengths and weaknesses. Resources Exhibit 1 Tangible | Intangible | Manufacturing plants | Boeingââ¬â¢s digital design software | Composite and metal materials | Dynamic assembly line | HeadquartersRead MoreBoeing 787 Dreamliner: Time, Budget and Project Performance Analysis1193 Words à |à 5 Pagesï » ¿ Contents Boeing 787 Dreamliner: Time, Budget and Project Performance Analysis 1 Introduction. 1.1 In developing the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, Boeing executive managementââ¬â¢s initial decisions and project management strategies did not control the four major measurements of project success: time, budget, performance and client acceptance (Pinto, 2013, pp. 35,36). This report analyses the methodology and project management decisions that led to a project crisis and risk to Boeingââ¬â¢sRead MoreRisk Management Case Study Boeing Dreamliner Essay1414 Words à |à 6 PagesDevelopment of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner Introduction In 2003, Boeing launched a project to build a new airframe that had the original designation of 7E7 Dreamliner. In January 2005, the aircraft was redesigned the 787 Dreamliner. Boeingââ¬â¢s intent was to utilize new technology and procurement processes to build two versions of the aircraft. The 787-8 was designed to carry 210 to 250 passengers on routes of 7,650 to 8,200 nautical miles and the stretch version (787-9) was designed to transportRead MoreEssay on Proj 595 Project Part 1927 Words à |à 4 PagesDevelopment of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner- A Super-Efficient Airplane ââ¬Æ' Table of Contents I. Introduction II. Fault Tree One III. Discussion of Fault Tree One IV. Fault Tree Two V. Discussion of Fault Tree Two VI. Conclusions VII. Works cited ââ¬Æ' I. Introduction I am the Project Manager developing the Boeing 787 Dreamliner. The development of this state-of-the-art airplane will include an international team of aerospace companies led by Boeing. The advancesRead MoreBoeing And Airbus Approach The Aircraft Marketplace1626 Words à |à 7 PagesDominating the commercial aircraft market for decades, Boeing is considered to be the most highly competitive U.S aerospace industry. ââ¬Å"U.S. firms manufacture a wide variety of products for civil and defense purposes and, in 2010, the value of aerospace industry shipments was estimated at $171 billion, of which civil aircraft and aircraft parts accounted for over half of all U.S. aerospace shipments. The U.S. aerospace industry exported nearly $78 billion in products in 2010, of which $67 billionRead MoreBest Practices in Continuous Process Flow704 Words à |à 3 PagesSix Sigma concepts to deliver exceptional customer experiences (Teresko, 2008). Zappos was able to automate the complex order ca pture, distributed order management and returns processes of online retailing while at the same time concentrating on building a unique, differentiated customer experience on their website. The result was a unified business model that continually performed above customer expectations due to heavy reliance on conditions process flow development combined with labor-savingRead MoreBoeing 787 Dreamliner : An Innovation3624 Words à |à 15 Pages Boeing 787 Dreamliner: An Innovation in Composites Carl Bunge, Alex Morgan, John Montgomery, Aaron Paul Pinkoske, Jay Pittenger, Daniel Pollastro, Omar Ruiz, Mitchell Scott MSE 201 December 1, 2014 Imagine flying at 30,000 feet in the air. You are warm, comfortable and possibly have a movie to watch. But the thought that a small fraction of an inch of material is all that separates you from the exterior of the plane makes you second guess your sylviawilliam10http://www.blogger.com/profile/04991790027491505679noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7719823513517175572.post-8396228917628750602019-12-15T04:27:00.001-08:002019-12-15T04:27:02.874-08:00Why Did the League of Nations Fail in the 1930s Free Essays Why did the League of Nations fail in the 1930s? CAUSE OF FAILURE| MANCHURIAN CRISIS| FAILURE OF DISARMAMENT| ABYSSINIAN CRISIS| The self-interest of leading membersThe League depended on the firm support of Britain and France. During conflicts, they were not prepared to abandon their own self-interest to support the League. Economic sanctions did not workLeague members would not impose them since they were worried that without America they would not work. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Did the League of Nations Fail in the 1930s? or any similar topic only for you Order Now When sanctions were imposed they were easily broken. Lack of troopsThe League had no armed forces and Britain and France were not willing to commit troops. Decisions were slowThe League met infrequently and took too long to make decisions. The need for all members to agree on a course of action undermined the strength of the League. America and other important countries were absentGermany did not join until 1926 and left in 1933. The USSR did not join until 1934 whilst Japan left in 1933 and Italy in 1937. The USA was never a member. The League therefore lacked authority. The Treaties it had to uphold were seen as unfairThe League was supposed to uphold the peace treaties, but it became apparent that there were unfair. This undermined the league. | When the league judged that Japan were wrong, instead of obeying and withdrawing from Manchuria, Japan said they intended to invade more of China and resign from the league proving they were self interested to obey the league. Sanctions would be meaningless without America. The league considered banning arms sales, but member countries disagreed. China and USA put up tariffs against Japanese kids, this put Japan in an economic crisis. Japan had a very powerful army. There was no prospect of Britain or France risking their navies or armies in a war with Japan. Only the USA or USSR would have the resources to remove the Japanese from Manchuria by force but they were not members of the league. When China appealed to the League, it took a full year for officials of the League to report back from China and Japan what the truth was. (Lytton Report)Japan invaded Manchuria but still wanted more. Britain was too scared to argue in case there was another war. If America would have been present, they couldââ¬â¢ve stopped Japan. Germany wanted all the countries to disarm to their level but the conference didnââ¬â¢t agree, so Germany left the conference then the League. If America had been part of the League and disarmed it is most likely that other countries would have followed as America was such an important country and this would have been the same if any other important country had disarmed. | Mussolini was humiliated from Abyssinia defeating him and wanted revenge. Britain and France signed the Hoare-Laval Pact agreeing to give Mussolini the best parts of Italy. When this news reached the media there was an outcry. Sanctions would only work if imposed quickly but each week a decision was delayed. Sanctions were ineffective because they did not include war materials such as oil. As Britain and France had a limited amount of troops, they could not/didnââ¬â¢t want to help Abyssinia and let Mussolini invade the state. The League took too long deciding what to do about Mussolini, so he had time to bring his troops into Abyssinia and build armed forces. When a decision was finally decided, it was ignored. | How to cite Why Did the League of Nations Fail in the 1930s?, Essay examples sylviawilliam10http://www.blogger.com/profile/04991790027491505679noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7719823513517175572.post-64032424107987601852019-12-07T01:11:00.001-08:002019-12-07T01:11:02.460-08:00Youth leadership free essay sample Below is a free essay on City and Guilds (Level 4) Licentiateship in Youth Leadership and Training from Anti Essays, your source for free research papers, essays, and term paper examples. Since attending the Senior Non-Commissioned Officers Staff Course at RAF Cranwell, I have developed my self management and development by working within the command structure within my unit by being a committed member of the team environment. Through regular weekly debriefs and monthly programme meetings, I have also been able to contribute to the smooth running of the unit by putting forward my ideas and initiatives , and then implementing them where appropriate into the program or administration running of the unit. I believe that it is important to keep and to improve good working relationships with constant communication and the sharing of ideas with the willingness where necessary to take criticism and also learn from these. This I achieve through one-to-one discussions with individuals or groups, weekly debriefs and at the monthly planning meetings that we hold at the Squadron. We will write a custom essay sample on Youth leadership or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I find it very important to seek advice and build on other peoples experience, knowledge and expertise, remembering to give them the necessary praise and acknowledgement for their input to the finished project. I also find it imperative to exercise self-control when disagreement or work-related difficulties arise by looking for the diplomatic solution and compromise, but more importantly realising that I may not always be in the right and be willing and able to re-evaluate my decisions or ideas and start again if needed. I think it is equally very important to be kept informed of current trends and policies within the Corps, and I have been very keen to improve my knowledge and abilities by attending further training courses and appropriate training sessions when they have been available to me. Furthermore, I am often consulted and my advice sought in my area of expertise and experience when policy is being formulated. Managing Tasks As part of my duties as a member of staff at the Squadron unit, it is my responsibility to be able to Assessment is the measurement of the learnersââ¬â¢ response to interpretation and competence to teacher instruction (Curzon pg 383). In hairdressing, assessment is vital and foremost, as this is how learners are measured against set criteria prior to exams and achieving summative status. My professional and personal opinions upon assessments are that as a teacher we should use a variety of techniques and skills to encourage and motivate learners providing constructive feedback to allow them to actively self develop/improve, achieving and setting own targets within their chosen profession. Assessment is to grade performance of learners by diagnosing their knowledge and skills and to evaluate their application of skills, strengths, needs and to set achievable targets according to Berkowits (1994). Assessment is a systematic ongoing process of analysing describing and collecting information upon learner achievements and progress according to the awarding body and institutes criteria, standards and the curriculum. Types of assessment are formative (ongoing), summative (attained) and initial or diagnostic (analyzing), formative and initial are progression assessments and summative is assessment of successful learning. Understanding the key Below is a free essay on Youth Leadership from Anti Essays, your source for free research papers, essays, and term paper examples. Todayââ¬â¢s youth still face many attitudinal challenges to self-empowerment. Only through self-determination, can these youth eventually achieve leadership in their respective communities. In addition to parental guidance, society has responsibility to create opportunities for these young adults to exercise good leadership. We must focus on the practice of leadership rather than the theory. Young adults should be given the opportunity to practice what they learn, such as being responsible for designing, organizing, and implementing their own conferences. Yet for many youth leadership implies a broader involvement. We need to encourage youth to pursue their own interests, and help them integrate into their local communities. Ultimately, the establishment of leaders in all aspects of society will eventually improve the lives of all youth and people. I personally feel qualified to be a delegate at the forum because I believe that I can contribute to help increase the independence of many persons with disabilities such as myself. I want to attend because I feel that it would be a great experience to be in the company of others who also want to better the lives of others. I have always understood from my grandparents attitudes that they expected me to complete at the highest level of education. Growing up I have always tried to push myself as far as I could education wise and personal. After high school I plan to move to the east coast to go to a 4 year university and double major in marketing and psychology. As many may know the east coast can be a very difficult place to live in for someone in a wheelchair because of the snow. Although I constantly hear various persons tell me to think of a more realistic place for college I still am trying to pursue my dream of moving to the east coast. Regardless of what people tell me I feel that you can only get stronger by constantly challenging yourself in life so you can better yourself. I have a dream to one day be able to walk About City Guilds City Guilds is the UKââ¬â¢s leading provider of vocational qualifications, offering over 500 awards across a wide range of industries, and progressing from entry level to the highest levels of professional achievement. With over 8500 centres in 100 countries, City Guilds is recognised by employers worldwide for providing qualifications that offer proof of the skills they need to get the job done. City Guilds Group The City Guilds Group includes City Guilds, City Guilds Institute, ILM (the Institute of Leadership Management) which provides management qualifications, learning materials and membership services, NPTC which offers land-based qualifications and membership services, and HAB (the Hospitality Awarding Body). City Guilds also manages the Engineering Council Examinations on behalf of the Engineering Council. Equal opportunities City Guilds fully supports the principle of equal opportunities and we are committed to satisfying this principle in all our activities and published material. A copy of our equal opportunities policy statement is available on the City Guilds website. Copyright The content of this document is, unless otherwise indicated, à © The City and Guilds of London Institute 2007 and may not be copied, reproduced or distributed without prior written consent. However, approved City Guilds centres and candidates studying for City Guilds qualifications may photocopy this document free of charge and/or include a locked PDF version of it on centre intranets on the following conditions: â⬠¢ centre staff may copy the material only for the purpose of teaching candidates working towards a City Guilds qualification, or for internal administration purposes â⬠¢ candidates may copy the material only for their own use when working towards a City Guilds qualification The Standard Copying Conditions on the sylviawilliam10http://www.blogger.com/profile/04991790027491505679noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7719823513517175572.post-76017916226562012019-11-29T12:52:00.001-08:002019-11-29T12:52:03.144-08:00Effects of Modernization and Technology on Hr Practices Essay ExampleEffects of Modernization and Technology on Hr Practices Essay Effects of Modernization and Technology on HR Practices In the very near future, Human Resources managers will be judged on their ability to get employees to link up successfully and to help the company make the most out of their ideas. In the face of massive and rapid change in the business environment backed by liberalization of economy, globalization of business, modernization of technology and large scale employment, a need exists for a fresh look at the Human Resources. Nowadays, digital is no longer exclusive only for IT and Marketing departments.It is also becoming relevant to Human Resources, whose job nowadays is not limited to spotting, recruiting and developing individual talent. The HR professionals of today need to be able to ââ¬Å"create links and foster collaboration between employeesâ⬠à as well,à said Yves Grandmontagne,à HR Director at Microsoft France. One of the main characteristics of a modernized HR management is that people in this field possess the primary objective of creating a constructive work environment where employees will be encouraged to dedicate themselves to their work.An example would be enforcing strict policies regarding the employeesââ¬â¢ behavior. For instance, all employees may go through frequent trainings in which they learn about language and actions that are up to standard and even encouraged, in opposition to ways of behaving which can lead to a negative workplace. The main point is that a modernized leader must be someone who can connect people and place him/herself at their service, helping to speed up and guide the flow of information between them.The product will be a networked organization, in which digital channels will wipe out hierarchical limits. In relation to this, the Human Resources need to be flexible and scalable because it will enable them to manage every aspect of employment. They must be able to store all HR data for each employee, supervise timekeeping, carry out accurate administrat ion of benefits, track leave accumulations and sort out new employee staffing for open positions in the company. One way in which Human Resources has been significantly affected by technology is in the area of recruiting.Before the Internet, HR recruiters had to rely on print publications, such as newspapers, to be able to publicize job openings and get prospects for those positions. Other methods involving networking also were used, but HR recruiters did not have the ability to post a job in one or more locations and have millions of people see it all at once. Technology has made recruiting more efficient since there is Internet particularly websites (such as jobstreet. com. ph) and, in the hands of the right recruiter, more successful as well.In addition to the added value that new competencies contribute to the business, opportunities to grow knowledge and skills are appealing draws for companies seeking the best job candidates, and they are powerful engagement and retention tool s as well. Information technology makes it possible for Human Resources professionals to train new and incoming staff members in a more resourceful manner as well. An online HR management system is perhaps the most affordable and powerful tool to help your department achieve new levels of efficiency when it comes to handling the administrative work that remains a major part of HRââ¬â¢s mission.The ability to access company information and training programs to and from remote locations eliminates the need for trainers to work directly with new hires on all trainings they need to undergo. Interactions on some level will always be necessary, of course, but training virtually makes it possible for the HR professionals to train a large number of employees quickly and to assess their progress through computerized testing programs. It also lets HR tailor employee self-service related to benefits, payroll, training, and more.Customizable communications also help HR departments reach out with timely reminders and messages to support relationship-building with all of your companyââ¬â¢s workers. With data storage and retrieval matters, Human Resources professionals generally process an extensive amount of paperwork and also have to keep much of that on file for a considerable period of time especially the 201 files of the employees. The use of technology has made it possible for companies to store and retrieve files in an electronic format. It also makes it possible for them to simply print the forms that are needed for employees.Printing on demand eliminates the need to dig through an endless number of files in the filing cabinet to find what is needed. Enhanced performance management is another derivative of technological improvement. Human Resources professionals can use computer technology to assess employee performance and also to get employee feedback to be used for the betterment of the organization. Various software programs make it possible for Human Resou rces professionals to examine employeesââ¬â¢ performance using metrics to ensure that they are meeting the performance standards set by the company.And for those that dont measure up, they can be subjected to additional training or let go in favor a replacement who can come in and do the job more efficiently. To ensure consistency, work processes are standardized and the companyââ¬â¢s treatment of its employees are consistent and fair. An online HR management system enables HR professionals to post policies, procedures, employee handbooks, work processes, benefits features, training requirements, development eligibility criteria, and other information in a manner that will be convenient for both the company and its employees.Even when policies arenââ¬â¢t popular, consistency in their communication and enforcement helps companies avoid problems. References: Modern HR Management Must Focus on Connecting Employees (http://www. atelier. net/en/trends/articles/modern-hr-manageme nt-must-focus-connecting-employees) What Are the Characteristics of Modern Human Resource Management? (http://www. wisegeek. com/what-are-the-characteristics-of-modern-human-resource-management. htm) Effects of Modernization and Technology on Hr Practices Essay Example Effects of Modernization and Technology on Hr Practices Essay Effects of Modernization and Technology on HR Practices In the very near future, Human Resources managers will be judged on their ability to get employees to link up successfully and to help the company make the most out of their ideas. In the face of massive and rapid change in the business environment backed by liberalization of economy, globalization of business, modernization of technology and large scale employment, a need exists for a fresh look at the Human Resources. Nowadays, digital is no longer exclusive only for IT and Marketing departments.It is also becoming relevant to Human Resources, whose job nowadays is not limited to spotting, recruiting and developing individual talent. The HR professionals of today need to be able to ââ¬Å"create links and foster collaboration between employeesâ⬠à as well,à said Yves Grandmontagne,à HR Director at Microsoft France. One of the main characteristics of a modernized HR management is that people in this field possess the primary objective of creating a constructive work environment where employees will be encouraged to dedicate themselves to their work.An example would be enforcing strict policies regarding the employeesââ¬â¢ behavior. For instance, all employees may go through frequent trainings in which they learn about language and actions that are up to standard and even encouraged, in opposition to ways of behaving which can lead to a negative workplace. The main point is that a modernized leader must be someone who can connect people and place him/herself at their service, helping to speed up and guide the flow of information between them.The product will be a networked organization, in which digital channels will wipe out hierarchical limits. In relation to this, the Human Resources need to be flexible and scalable because it will enable them to manage every aspect of employment. They must be able to store all HR data for each employee, supervise timekeeping, carry out accurate administrat ion of benefits, track leave accumulations and sort out new employee staffing for open positions in the company. One way in which Human Resources has been significantly affected by technology is in the area of recruiting.Before the Internet, HR recruiters had to rely on print publications, such as newspapers, to be able to publicize job openings and get prospects for those positions. Other methods involving networking also were used, but HR recruiters did not have the ability to post a job in one or more locations and have millions of people see it all at once. Technology has made recruiting more efficient since there is Internet particularly websites (such as jobstreet. com. ph) and, in the hands of the right recruiter, more successful as well.In addition to the added value that new competencies contribute to the business, opportunities to grow knowledge and skills are appealing draws for companies seeking the best job candidates, and they are powerful engagement and retention tool s as well. Information technology makes it possible for Human Resources professionals to train new and incoming staff members in a more resourceful manner as well. An online HR management system is perhaps the most affordable and powerful tool to help your department achieve new levels of efficiency when it comes to handling the administrative work that remains a major part of HRââ¬â¢s mission.The ability to access company information and training programs to and from remote locations eliminates the need for trainers to work directly with new hires on all trainings they need to undergo. Interactions on some level will always be necessary, of course, but training virtually makes it possible for the HR professionals to train a large number of employees quickly and to assess their progress through computerized testing programs. It also lets HR tailor employee self-service related to benefits, payroll, training, and more.Customizable communications also help HR departments reach out with timely reminders and messages to support relationship-building with all of your companyââ¬â¢s workers. With data storage and retrieval matters, Human Resources professionals generally process an extensive amount of paperwork and also have to keep much of that on file for a considerable period of time especially the 201 files of the employees. The use of technology has made it possible for companies to store and retrieve files in an electronic format. It also makes it possible for them to simply print the forms that are needed for employees.Printing on demand eliminates the need to dig through an endless number of files in the filing cabinet to find what is needed. Enhanced performance management is another derivative of technological improvement. Human Resources professionals can use computer technology to assess employee performance and also to get employee feedback to be used for the betterment of the organization. Various software programs make it possible for Human Resou rces professionals to examine employeesââ¬â¢ performance using metrics to ensure that they are meeting the performance standards set by the company.And for those that dont measure up, they can be subjected to additional training or let go in favor a replacement who can come in and do the job more efficiently. To ensure consistency, work processes are standardized and the companyââ¬â¢s treatment of its employees are consistent and fair. An online HR management system enables HR professionals to post policies, procedures, employee handbooks, work processes, benefits features, training requirements, development eligibility criteria, and other information in a manner that will be convenient for both the company and its employees.Even when policies arenââ¬â¢t popular, consistency in their communication and enforcement helps companies avoid problems. References: Modern HR Management Must Focus on Connecting Employees (http://www. atelier. net/en/trends/articles/modern-hr-manageme nt-must-focus-connecting-employees) What Are the Characteristics of Modern Human Resource Management? (http://www. wisegeek. com/what-are-the-characteristics-of-modern-human-resource-management. htm) sylviawilliam10http://www.blogger.com/profile/04991790027491505679noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7719823513517175572.post-49702105136367314672019-11-25T16:39:00.001-08:002019-11-25T16:39:04.817-08:00Audism EssaysAudism Essays Audism Essay Audism Essay My Mother and Father instilled DOD morals upon me. I was never taught to feel superior or inferior to anybody. My Mother showed me right from wrong. If I even so much as whispered a racial slur, I would have been punished harshly. But I never thought in black and white or Deaf and hearing. I knew growing up that God has the right to judge but we as humans do not. Of course growing up had curiosities and still to this day I still do, but there is a place and time to ask those questions. How could I discriminate against anybody for any reason. It would be shameful, because they could turn it back on me. Growing up I was ridiculed for being poor. My Dad worked hard but we lived within our means. My sister-in laws cousin is deaf. She wears a hearing aid and speaks. By seeing the movie, now know that she is an audits. She always feels superior to Deaf people who cannot speak and Deaf people who do not having hearing devices of some kind. That is definitely autism in the works. I remember specifically one time we were eating out all together; me, my brother, his wife, and the cousin. The cousin was making fun off girl at her work that cant speak well because she is Deaf. The cousin was just telling us the story about it. She said that her co-worker is Deaf and wears a hearing aid but doesnt speak well and that she is better than her cause she speaks. I just stayed quiet to keep the peace in my family but I knew that wasnt right. She considers herself hearing not Deaf. I told her that was taking SSL and Deaf Culture this semester and she didnt have a reaction. She just said well good luck with that. Since we come from a small town, we all grew up around each other. To try to spark some curiosity in her; always find myself telling her owe my classes are going. Maybe to change her ways of thinking. Autism should be punished by the court systems. Its sad that children and adults that are Deaf are left out of a lot of things, especially in their own families. It made me angry in the movie how they spoke of their family members saying Ill tell you later, or not important. Its just rude to exclude somebody for any reason. For English I wrote a Proposal paper on a device called order assist. Its a package that can be purchased by fast-food restaurants to make it easier for Deaf people to order through a drive-thru. sylviawilliam10http://www.blogger.com/profile/04991790027491505679noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7719823513517175572.post-13099778806554246002019-11-22T00:03:00.001-08:002019-11-22T00:03:03.779-08:00Psychiatric Nursing care analysis Research PaperPsychiatric Nursing care analysis - Research Paper Example At the end, a discussion of nursing management techniques for patients experiencing symptoms of depression will be examined. Current Theories in the Etiology, Presentation, and Prognosis of Depression The causes of depression are complex, but are generally understood to be a combination of environmental and genetic factors, such as a traumatic life event combined with a genetic susceptibility to hormone disruption in seratonin levels, though such a connection has not been conclusively proven (Abela & Hankin, 2008; Risch et al., 2009). There is, however, a definitive correlation between ââ¬Å"stressfulâ⬠or otherwise disruptive events and the beginnings of depressive symptoms (Risch, et al., 2009). Depression is often co-morbid to an anxiety disorder or attention deficit disorder (Luby, Belden, Pautsch, Si, & Spitznagel, 2009;Goldberg, et al., 2010). When presenting independently, these disorders are also generally risk factors for depression. Depression is also often seen as a precursor to the development of senility or dementia in older adults (Brommelhoff et al., 2009). Additionally, as well as being a symptom, insomnia in older adults is considered a risk factor for depression, though this is still controversial (Fiske, et al., 2009). Depression has two core symptoms used in diagnosis which must be experienced for at least a two week period: feelings of sadness or misery without a specific reason for such feelings, and a loss of interest in previous-enjoyed activities (Goldberg, Kendler, & Sirovatka, 2010). In older adults such as the client in this report, insomnia is a widely noted symptom, which is a converse to the hypersomnia usually noted in younger adults with depression (Nutt, Wilson, & Paterson, 2008). Other symptoms include difficulty concentrating and impaired decision-making, change in appetite or eating habits, feelings of worthlessness, and thoughts of suicide (Keenan et al., 2008). Older adults, however, are less likely to display emotio nal symptoms, and instead present with cognitive decline, motor skills impairment, and a wider range of somatic symptoms (Fiske, Wetherell, & Gatz, 2009). The prognosis of major depressive disorder is highly variable against the length of time the initial depressive episode was present. More minor presentations of the disorder behave similarly to major depressive disorder, but the patients are likely to worsen before they improve. In one study, patients with a previous history of depressive episodes lasting longer than one year were more likely to suffer from a relapse episode that would last longer than six months. This was true even if the initial episode experienced was only minor or sub-threshold depression (Gilchrist & Gunn, 2007). Sub-threshold symptoms in older adults will generally persist for at least a year and makes the person seven times more likely to develop major depression in that time frame than those who do not exhibit such symptoms (Lyness, Chapman, McGriff, Draye r, & Duberstein, 2009). Relationship of Theories to Client Behavior Given that the client has recently undergone major surgery, she is at a higher risk for depression than most of the population. Any surgery could be considered a major life event, but an open colon resection especially would be a very stressful and possibly traumatic experience for the patient, resulting in major physical changes to sylviawilliam10http://www.blogger.com/profile/04991790027491505679noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7719823513517175572.post-53717201446183532332019-11-20T18:32:00.001-08:002019-11-20T18:32:04.369-08:00Discuss the theme of how it reflects to the play EssayDiscuss the theme of how it reflects to the play - Essay Example In this book, Henrick Ibsen shows a clear opposition of a maleââ¬â¢s society and the womenââ¬â¢s lives in the golden cages, and nothing is better than freedom, and money cannot substitute wings. Henrik Ibsenââ¬â¢sà A Dollââ¬â¢s House intrigues the audience by first developments of the feminism discourse. Oppression of a woman in the nineteenth century by males is represented by the writer as a common thing. Nora is just a doll and she is not an entity, she is the ââ¬Å"otherâ⬠pretty thing of her husband. Her husband gives funny names for her, such as ââ¬Å"squirrelâ⬠, a ââ¬Å"song birdâ⬠or a ââ¬Å"little skylarkâ⬠. He thinks that she does not have valuable ideas and her brain is empty. However, Nora is not a silly woman, because she realizes this ever existent oppression and she confirms that her father told her about his ideas all the time and, finally, these ideas became her own ideas. Actually, this woman was passed from her fatherââ¬â¢s hands to the hands of her husband like a fragile and empty thing. She feels uncomfortable and she suffers from her wasted life (Goldman 38). It is more comfortable to be a doll and to live in a dollâ â¬â¢s house in case a woman has experienced lobotomy, but a sound mind can never accept such a daily humiliation. Noraââ¬â¢s husband is strong enough to shelter and comfort her, but Nora feels like a bird in a golden cage. Material concerns of her husband and her father prevent her from making her own desires and wishes come true. She lacks freedom and does not have an opportunity to satisfy her material needs (Templeton 345). She borrows money from another person, but she cannot become a happy person. Torvald oppresses her and treats her like a child. It seems like he has some mental illness, because it is an inappropriate behavior of a modern, strong man to project his fatherââ¬â¢s feelings onto his wife. Because of material problems and the lack of social power, Nora did not have an opportunity to make friends even with women, because her sylviawilliam10http://www.blogger.com/profile/04991790027491505679noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7719823513517175572.post-77390650675918175972019-11-18T19:24:00.001-08:002019-11-18T19:24:04.618-08:00Critical Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 wordsCritical Journal - Essay Example The following thesis describes the connection between art and fashion and their interrelatedness which gels them into one art form. The quote ââ¬Å"Arts need for fashionââ¬â¢s glamour and wealth and fashion search for intellectual credibilityâ⬠reflects and emphasizes the points that have been discussed in the following paragraphs. True fashion is giving a new outlook to a person or thing which changes their appearance and makes them beautiful without attaching any knowledge or feelings with the work. Famous celebrities such as Beyounce, Rihanna and the all girl-band, Pussycat dolls lack a true knowledge or passion for good fashion and designs and are keener to attach themselves with a label. They only seek glamour and fame for which they would even go to the extent of selling their soul. However, artists who believe in their work and have a passion would be more careful while portraying themselves or their work. The story and reason behind their work would be more vivid rat her than merely showcasing their work for the sake of fame or money. [I HAVE PUT IMAGES HERE OF BEYONCE, RIHANNA, AND THE PCD LADIES] People consider artists as being smart, intelligent and trustworthy and who are not guilty of showcasing their own identity and emotions through their work. At times the influence of their family and their upbringing is also reflected in their work. The below picture is the portrait of Armada portrait of Elizabeth I by George Gower in the year 1588. He specialized in portrait painting and became the sergeant painter of Queen Elizabeth I in the year 1581. [HERE I HAVE A PHOTO OF QUEEN ELIZABETH 1 AND GEORGE GOWER] However, the above statement need not apply to all those who want to be part of the world of fashion and art. But the below discussion about the Mexican born painter, Frida Kahlo who was born on the 6th of July 2907, is a defense against the statement as the vibrant colors used in her work is largely influenced by the culture of Mexico and Eu rope and was also based on realism, symbolism and surrealism. Most of her work was on self portraits and they wonderfully showcased the articulate detailing which Kahlo painfully undertook. Kahloââ¬â¢s father was Guillermo Kahlo who was born on 26th October 1871, in Germany and he passed away on the 14th of April in the year 1941. He was a photographer by profession who went to Mexico where, in the year 1901, he set up a photographic studio and worked for El Mundo Ilustrado and Semanario Ilustrado. He was later commissioned by the government to do architectural work. Kahloââ¬â¢s mother, Matilde Calderny Gonzalez, was a devoted Catholic and of primarily indigenous as well as Spanish descent. This is enough proof for the statement made in the beginning as though Kahlo did not hail from an art background as many people would have expected, instead his family did have any idea or experience about portrait painting in which he later specialized. Many of Kahloââ¬â¢s paintings hav e been inspired from her own life experiences and her most heart wrenching painting was the one that depicts the story about her accident which later changed her life. [HERE I HAVE AN IMAGE OF FRIDA KAHLO] This painting, which was done in the year 1944, depicts a naked woman who is seen standing in a hill field shielding sylviawilliam10http://www.blogger.com/profile/04991790027491505679noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7719823513517175572.post-67156980458099554022019-11-16T07:57:00.001-08:002019-11-16T07:57:13.218-08:00Joint Criminal Liability for Murder | Case StudyJoint Criminal Liability for Murder | Case Study Introduction: This assignment will attempt to analyse lesser criminal liabilities leading up to stronger criminal liabilities for all parties involved in a possible conviction of murder by focussing on the major themes of contending and procuring, aiding and abetting, accessory liability, unlawful killing, grievous bodily harm (death resulting) and causation. Joint Criminal Liability between Andy, Matthew Jimmy Are both Andy and Matthew equally principal offenders for the purpose of distinguishing criminal liability? Criminal liability A person who commits the acts which form whole or part of the actus reus of the crime is known as a ââ¬Ëprincipal in the first degreeâ⬠: Osland v R (1998) [1] It can be derived from the facts that both Andy and Matthew were present at the scene to carry out a joint criminal enterprise: Tangye (1997) [2] as there was an express agreement: Tangye (1997) [3]made between the two to seize the managers of large supermarkets in their homes and force them to return to their supermarkets and open the safes. On the facts it cannot be established that derivative liability exists between the two or any failure to agree to such actions is present: Osland v R (1998) [4]rather an ââ¬Å"acting in concertâ⬠which may create the effect of equally placing responsibility on each individual for the acts of the other: R v Lowery and King (No.2) (1972) [5] Both Andy and Matthew may be charged with Conspiracy under S.321 to commit and offence does this extend to Jimmy? Conspiracy Andy puts his plans to Mathew who agrees to take part in the robberies, for a percentage of the proceeds under S.321 of the crimes Act 1958 this agreement made between Andy and Matthew resulted in the involvement and commission of the offence hence may lead to a finding of guilt in conspiracy to commit that offence. Does this apply to Jimmys level of involvement? Actus Reus Conspiracy has been defined as an agreement to do an unlawful act or a lawful act by unlawful meansâ⬠:R V Jones (1832) [6] there is clearly no question of dispute that both Andy and Mathew decided that the best way of making quick money was to execute the agreed criminal act. To establish contravention of s.321 it may be inferred that Jimmys conduct of providing a ââ¬Å"safe house intentionally perverted the course of Justice or intended to pervert the administration of public justice: James v. Robinson (1963) [7] hence making Jimi a complicit in the commission of a crime. Mens Rea The establishment of both Andy and Matthewss intentional agreement to contravene s.321 is apparent on the facts posing the question whether a conspiracy charge is as effective as heavier weighed substantive charges available: Hoar v R (1981) [8] Jimmy may be found guilty under the equally applicable test if it is proved that the provision of the ââ¬Ësafe house was a furtherance to the common purpose: R. v. Tripodi (1955) [9] in effect being liable for accessorial liability due to the counselling and procuring involved with Andy and Matthews main offences. Defences The scope of mens rea clearly applied to Jimmy is debatable ââ¬Å"a conspiracy is proved by evidence of the actual terms of the agreement made or accepted or by evidence from which an agreement to effect common objects or purpose is inferred.â⬠: Gerakiteys v R (1984) [10]. No evidence of actual terms of the agreement provides a clear entry point before the act or common object to the commission of the offence by Jimmy: R v Theophanous (2003) [11]The mere providing of a ââ¬Å"safe house provides only an inference for a jury to draw upon after the fact of Jimis level of participation. In this light the evidence may fall short of establishing a clear level of involvement: R V Darby (1982)[12]. Due to the possible grey area in establishing Jimmys intention to pervert the course of justice the possibility of an acquittal under s.321 may result, if the inference of the overt act in itself is not proved beyond reasonable doubt aligning common purpose against other substantive criminal acts: R V Darby (1982) [13]. Both Andy and Matthew may be charged with Burglary does this extend to Aggravated Burglary? Burglary Andy and Matthew may be guilty of burglary for breaking into Joes home as trespassers with an intention to assault both Joe and Betty. Actus Reus As we can see from the facts the actions of both Andy and Matthew in breaking into Joes home may substitute the trespassing and home for the purpose of a building. Case? Mens Rea On the facts this was actioned knowingly without permission with a firm intent to commit an assault: R v Collins (1972) [14] Aggravated Burglary If burglary can be established between Andy and Matthew they may be also be found guilty of aggravated burglary due to the carrying of a firearm at the time and knowingly entering with intent to do so. Actus Reus Both Matthew and Andy entered intending to assault Joe carrying loaded pistols at the time of their entry. With no apparent reason on the facts to dispute that Joe was not present in his house, hence an inference may be drawn by the jury not suggesting otherwise: R v Verde (2009) [15] Mens Rea: Both Andy and Matthew on the facts intended to threaten to cause injury to a person inside the house if he they were disturbed during the burglary: R v Verde [2009] [16]. They also had the weapon for a purpose connected with the burglary as discussed about albeit for armed robbery: R v Kolb Adams (2007) [17]. Matthew may also be charged of extortion with threat to kill Extortion with threat to kill Furthermore on the above aggravated burglary charge this may be coupled with Matthews threat to kill Betty which may contravene S.27A B regarding extortion with a threat to kill. Actus Reus Matthew clearly made a demand of Betty to lie down on the floor and remain silent or he will kill her. Leaving Joe fearing for his life and that of his wife if they did not submit: R v Lawrence (1980) [18] Mens Rea: On the facts Matthewss intention to threaten to kill was an attempt to create fear of the infliction of harm: Ryan v Cuhl (1979) [19]. Is Andy liable for the common law crime of false imprisonment against Betty? False imprisonment Andy may be liable for the Criminal offence of false imprisonment due to unlawful restraint and threats to both Joe and Betty. Actus Reus As we can see from the facts Andy drags Betty into another room tying her hands and feet with rope and taping her mouth in order for her not to scream. Clearly unlawfully restraining Betty from her liberty to freedom of movement, furthermore confining her into the custody of one room: Ruddock v Taylor (2005) [20] Mens Rea: Andy held a clear intention to unlawfully restrain Betty against her will as a consequence of his threats to kill her and Joe if they did not comply: R v Garrett (1988) [21] Defences There is little to no likelihood that Andy may raise a defence of lawful justification for his actions upon the facts: Blackstone [22] Andys Liability Is Andy liable for contravening S.22 23 of the Crimes Act 1958 regarding Bettys unborn child. Conduct endangering life/Reckless conduct endangering serious injury Andy may be charged as a result of engaging voluntarily in the conduct of restraining Betty without lawful excuse that may have placed her unborn child in danger of death. S.22 23 Actus Reus It can be clearly established that Betty whimpered that she was 7 months pregnant, however Andy voluntarily and recklessly continued without lawful excuse to assault and restrain causing possible serious injury by way of miscarriage on Bettys unborn child: R v Crabbe (1985)[23] Mens Rea Applying the test in: Ryan v Walker (1966) [24] to the possible death by way of miscarriage to Bettys unborn child. The Jury may infer that this possibility was contemplated by Andy as a result of his continued restraint and threat to kill. Furthermore evidence of Andy contacting authorities alluded to his realisation and contemplation of danger or serious injury. Defences: There may be a minimal defence to debate the intent on Andys behalf to place Bettys unborn in danger by the subsequent contacting of authorities furthermore death did not result, hence the actus reus of the consequence failed to occur: R v NuriI (1990) [25] however a finding on the continuation of Bettys restraint at the time of the offence may weigh more heavily against Andys contemplation: R v Crabbe (1985).[26]. It must also be noted that in R v Hutty (1953) [27]a person is not a being until he or she if fully born in a living state however R v West (1848) [28] negates this and still establishes homicide if a child is born and subsequently dies. Does Andys use of stolen licence plates constitute theft for the purposes of s.72 (1) s.73 (5) s.73 (12) Theft Andy may be charged with theft by the action of stealing or dishonestly appropriating another persons licence plates with the intention of permanently depriving them from the owner. Actus Reus Clearly Andy was unauthorised to appropriate or physical take and carry away: The king v James Lapier (1784)[29]. Another persons tangible property: Oxford v Moss (1979) [30]in this case being licence plates for the commission of the offence. Mens Rea It may be inferred that Andy had specific intent to dishonestly deprive s.73(12) the owner of rightful possession of the licence plates for his own right to use: Stein v Henshall (1976)[31] furthermore this can be strengthen by the lack of consent: R v Senese (2004) [32] Are both Andy and Matthew liable for kidnapping Joe under S.63a Kidnapping Andy and Matthew may be liable for demanding Joe to drive to the supermarket to intentionally open the safe for their advantage in return for his release. Actus Reus On the facts we can clearly see that Joes personal liberty or freedom of choice was removed primarily by way of a threat to kill unless he complies: Wellard v R(1978) [33]. Secondly this was performed by Joe being carried away in the form of a car by Andy and Matthew. Thirdly this was achieved by force without consent. This may be inferred by a Jury as his wife Betty was clearly in an injured state. Fourthly at no point was there any justified lawful excuse: R v D (1984) [34]. Mens Rea Andy and Matthew both shared intent in agreeing to perform the kidnapping in order to fulfil their common purpose of performing the robbery. Case Did the actions of Joe opening the safe constitute a criminal offence under s.9AG. Duress Joe may not be found guilty of a criminal offence pertaining to the opening of the safe under duress due to a threat to kill Betty. Actus Reus: On the facts a threat of immediate death was made towards Betty unless both remained compliant. Joe being clearly overborne by this indirect threat subsequently led his will to be placed under duress, furthermore serious personal violence overbearing his ability to become resistant or no opportunity to restrain lead may lead to a strong justification for his actions of opening the safe: Attorney-General v Whelan (1934) [35] Mens Rea Clearly Joe had no intent to perform this criminal offence if he was not under duress, his will was overborne with fear for his life and that of his wife. Defences Joe has a strong case in establishing duress: R v Brown (1986). [36] Furthermore a jury may infer that carrying out the conduct was the only reasonable way that the threatened harm could have been avoided. s.9AG. (b) Are both Andy Matthew guilty of committing Robbery/Armed Robbery contravening s.75 s.75A? Robbery/Armed robbery Both Andy Matthew as an accessory may be equally guilty of robbery for stealing the contents of a safe by force through Joe by means of fear with the use of firearms. Actus Reus Joe was aware of the theft and subsequently was compelled by force or fear to submit to Andys demands to open the supermarket and safe, this prevention by violence or threat establishes robbery under s.75 the use of firearm establishes armed robbery for the purpose of s.75 a (1) enabling the two to have the safe opened and its contents permanently deprived of the owner. It is clear that Joe being the supermarket manager satisfying s.75 a (1) as the applicable person or custodian of the property in this instance: Smith v Desmond (1965)[37] Mens Rea It is clear that Andy and Matthew intended to place Joe under duress by the use of a deadly weapon to intimidate Joe to fear for his life and that of his wife. case Defences Regardless if Andy believed he had an honest entitlement by way of his intentions of support for the Karen tribe as a claim for defence, it is unnecessary to prove this: R v Langham. (1984) [38] furthermore would not constitute lawful excuse at any rate under the Firearms Act (1996) s.132 (2). Thirdly a claim for military necessity would not apply due to his departure from the SAS and proportionality arguments contravening multiple international humanitarian law conventions regarding legal use of force.[39] Andys Liability over Joes serious injuries sustained. Causing serious injury intentionally Andy may be charged under s.16 17 s.22 for pistol whipping Joe until he became unconscious. Actus Reus It may be established on the facts that Joe clearly suffered no less than serious grievous bodily harm by Andys act of pistol whipping to the point of unconsciousness DPP v Smith (1961)[40]. Due to this act being in furtherance of a crime it would constitute without lawful excuse for the purposes of s.16 of the crimes act 1958. Mens rea Andys intent may be established sufficiently in causing intentionally serious injury through the furtherance of a crime or alternatively through recklessness. Meyers v R (1997) [41] It is possible that recklessness may also be established given the nature of Andys training received through the SAS in the continued use of such force being reasonable foreseeable that such a consequence may arise R v Coleman (1990) [42]. Andy may also be liable under s.22 for recklessly engaging in conduct that renders Joe in danger of death with the carrying of a firearm it also may be sufficient to be deemed guilty for grievous bodily harm and breech of s.31a R v Faure (1999)[43]. as a probable consequence he may be deemed just as blameworthy as the conduct of one who does an act intended to kill or to do grievous bodily harm. R v Crabbe (1985) [44] Is Matthew triable as a principal offender as an abettor for his involvement in the commission of a crime under S.323? Abettors in indictable offences are triable as principal offenders Matthew may be charged for assisting Andy at the scenes of the crime furthermore encouraging and procuring by taking appropriate steps towards the commission of the offence under S.323 Crimes act 1958. Actus Reus Matthew agreeing to take part in the robberies hence satisfies the preparation arm or to ââ¬Å"abetâ⬠in agreeing to the commission of the offences Thambiah v R (1966)[45], Secondly clearly he ââ¬Å"aidedâ⬠when he broke into the home acting in concert, hence not derivative to the principal offence also by carrying loaded pistols and when he threatened Betty and Joe performing the subsequent false imprisonment Osland v R (1998) [46] Thirdly Matthew ââ¬Å"counselledâ⬠by ââ¬Å"keeping nitâ⬠and not changing the course of action R V Whitefield (1983) [47] whilst the robbery took place. These actions show the series of steps undertaken in the commission of the offences constituting a breach of s.323. Mens Rea Matthew may be found guilty due to the fact that at no time Matthews intention knowingly or wilfully changed to the knowledge and acceptance of the pre formed sequence of events R v Bainbridge (1959)[48]. [1] Osland v R (1998) 159 ALR 170 [2] Tangye (1997) 92 a Crim R 545 [3] ibid at 545 [4] Osland v R (1998) 159 ALR 170 [5] R v Lowery and King [No.2] (1972) VR 560 [6] R V Jones (1832) 4 b Ad 345 at 349 [7] James v. Robinson (1963) 1 CLR 593 at p 618 [8] Hoar v R (1981) 148 CLR 32 [9] R. v. Tripodi (1955) SCR 438 [10] Gerakiteys v R (1984) 153 CLR 317 at 7 [11] R v Theophanous (2003) 141 A Crim R 216. [12] R V Darby (1982) 40 ALR [13] R V Darby (1982) 40 ALR 601 [14] R v Collins (1972) 2 All ER [15] R v Verde (2009) VSCA 16 [16] R v Verde [2009] VSCA 16 [17] R v Kolb (2007) QCA 180 [18] R v Lawrence (1980) 32 ALR 72 [19] Ryan v Cuhl (1979) VR 315 [20] Ruddock v Taylor (2005) 222 CLR 612 [21] R v Garrett (1988) 30 SASR 392. [22] Blackstone, Book 4, Chapter 14 [23] R v Crabbe [1985] 156 CLR 464 469 [24] Ryan v Walker (1966) VR 553 [25] R v NURI (1990) VSCA 7 [26] R v Crabbe [1985] 156 CLR 464 469 [27] R v Hutty (1953) VLR 338 at 339 [28] R v West (1848) 2 Cox cc 500 [29] The king v James Lapier (1784) 168 ER 263 and Wallis v Lane [1964] VR 293 [30] Oxford v Moss (1979) 68 Cr App Rep 183 [31] Stein v. Henshall (976)V.R. 612 [32] R v Senese (2004) VSCA 136SDSD [33] Wellard v R(1978) 67 Cr App R 364 [34] R v D (1984) 2 all er 449 [35] Attorney-General v Whelan (1934) IR 518 at 526 [36] R v Brown (1986) 43 SASR 33 at 37. [37] Smith v Desmond (1965) AC 960. [38] R v Langham. (1984) 36 SASR 48 [39] Article 52 of Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions [40] DPP v Smith 1961 AC 290 [41] Meyers v R [1997] HCA 43; (1997) 147 ALR 440; (1997) [42] R v Coleman (1990) 19 NSW 467 [43] R v Faure (1999) 2 VR 537 [44] R v Crabbe [1985] HCA 22; (1985) 156 CLR 464 (26 March 1985) [45] Thambiah v R (1966) AC 37 [46] Osland v R (1998) 197 CLR 316 [47] R V Whitefield (1983) 79 Cr App R 36 [48] R v Bainbridge (1959) 3 ALL ER 200 sylviawilliam10http://www.blogger.com/profile/04991790027491505679noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7719823513517175572.post-25934760400918529322019-11-13T20:28:00.001-08:002019-11-13T20:28:03.470-08:00Robert Siricos Samaritans Dilemma :: essays research papers In the essay Samaritanââ¬â¢s Dilemma, Robert Sirico claims that charity is not always helpful to society. He implies that some people take advantage of others kindness, in this case, soup kitchens. To support his claim, Sirico told a story of when he was training to be a priest. He states that each Friday he would help set up and serve a free meal to those in need, usually 200 to 500 people. One Friday after the meal, he and a friend cleaned up then went to a seafood pub just down the street. While eating the two men realized that the soup kitchen they had just finished working at was competition to the seafood pub and other surrounding restaurants. They realized that their charity was making it harder for other entrepreneurs to make a living and provide for their families. Sirico basically states that when people are waited on ââ¬Å"hand and footâ⬠they become more dependant on others, therefore, making it even harder for them to get out of poverty. He also implies that giving ââ¬Å"handoutsâ⬠to people encourages laziness. He says, ââ¬Å"When charity creates a disincentive for an able-bodied person to work, it leads this person down the wrong path. It encourages indolence. Real work provides the individual with the vehicle for a productive and virtuous life. It gives a person self esteem and a role to play in society.â⬠The support he uses does not help his case, though. For example, the comparison Sirico makes of the soup kitchen to a seafood pub is irrelevant. He states, "Just a block away we provide a product and a service that make this man's effort to provide for his own family more difficult.â⬠A soup kitchen and a seafood pub are not comparable. The pub has the intention to make money, whereas a soup kitchen is not interested in money. Soup kitchens are there for the purpose of people who cannot afford to eat at other places. The speaker never states the prices or quality of food at the pub. This information would help the reader recognize the similarities and differences between the two. Sirico fails to mention the other restaurants that are also the pub owner's competition. Surrounding restaurants may be taking business from the pub, not the soup kitchen. In addition, Sirico uses insufficient personal experience to suggest that people are taking advantage of charity. After observi ng people coming to the soup kitchen, Sirico noticed a couple that "told me they needed to eat quickly because they were planning to go shopping after dinner. sylviawilliam10http://www.blogger.com/profile/04991790027491505679noreply@blogger.com0